Design, Performance, and Applications of AMMIS: A Novel Airborne Multimodular Imaging Spectrometer for High-Resolution Earth Observations
Jianxin Jia,
Yueming Wang,
Xiaorou Zheng,
Liyin Yuan,
Chunlai Li,
Yi Cen,
Fuqi Si,
Gang Lv,
Chongru Wang,
Shengwei Wang,
Changxing Zhang,
Dong Zhang,
Daogang He,
Xiaoqiong Zhuang,
Guicheng Han,
Mingyang Zhang,
Juha Hyyppä,
Jianyu Wang
Affiliations
Jianxin Jia
Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China; Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, Espoo FI-02150, Finland
Yueming Wang
Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China; Corresponding author.
Xiaorou Zheng
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Multimodal Big Data Intelligent Analysis, Guangdong School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
Liyin Yuan
Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
Chunlai Li
Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
Yi Cen
State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
Fuqi Si
Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
Gang Lv
Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
Chongru Wang
Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
Shengwei Wang
Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
Changxing Zhang
Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
Dong Zhang
Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
Daogang He
Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
Xiaoqiong Zhuang
Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
Guicheng Han
Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
Mingyang Zhang
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo FI-02150, Finland
Juha Hyyppä
Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, Espoo FI-02150, Finland
Jianyu Wang
Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
Airborne hyperspectral imaging spectrometers have been used for Earth observation over the past four decades. Despite the high sensitivity of push-broom hyperspectral imagers, they experience limited swath and wavelength coverage. In this study, we report the development of a push-broom airborne multimodular imaging spectrometer (AMMIS) that spans ultraviolet (UV), visible near-infrared (VNIR), shortwave infrared (SWIR), and thermal infrared (TIR) wavelengths. As an integral part of China’s High-Resolution Earth Observation Program, AMMIS is intended for civilian applications and for validating key technologies for future spaceborne hyperspectral payloads. It has been mounted on aircraft platforms such as Y-5, Y-12, and XZ-60. Since 2016, AMMIS has been used to perform more than 30 flight campaigns and gather more than 200 TB of hyperspectral data. This study describes the system design, calibration techniques, performance tests, flight campaigns, and applications of the AMMIS. The system integrates UV, VNIR, SWIR, and TIR modules, which can be operated in combination or individually based on the application requirements. Each module includes three spectrometers, utilizing field-of-view (FOV) stitching technology to achieve a 40° FOV, thereby enhancing operational efficiency. We designed advanced optical systems for all modules, particularly for the TIR module, and employed cryogenic optical technology to maintain optical system stability at 100 K. Both laboratory and in-flight calibrations were conducted to improve preprocessing accuracy and produce high-quality hyperspectral data. The AMMIS features more than 1400 spectral bands, with spectral sampling intervals of 0.1 nm for UV, 2.4 nm for VNIR, 3 nm for SWIR, and 32 nm for TIR. In addition, the instantaneous fields of view (IFoVs) for the four modules were 0.5, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mrad, respectively, with the VNIR module achieving an IFoV of 0.125 mrad in the high-spatial-resolution mode. This study reports on land-cover surveys, pollution gas detection, mineral exploration, coastal water detection, and plant investigations conducted using AMMIS, highlighting its excellent performance. Furthermore, we present three hyperspectral datasets with diverse scene distributions and categories suitable for developing artificial intelligence algorithms. This study paves the way for next-generation airborne and spaceborne hyperspectral payloads and serves as a valuable reference for hyperspectral sensor designers and data users.
