No Association between Helicobacter pylori and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Comprehensive Risk Factor Analysis in North Indian Patients

Abstract

Background: The relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Helicobacter pylori infection is a complicated topic. This study aimed to evaluate the association between H. pylori infection and GERD and identify the associated risk factors in North India. Methods: All individuals who were referred for an endoscopy because they had dyspepsia were included in a cross-sectional study. Using endoscopic assessment, GERD was diagnosed. As a comparison group, patients with normal esophageal function were chosen. H. pylori was cultured and genotyped to assess the virulent genes such as cagA, vacA, and iceA. The relationship of H. pylori infection with GERD and its associated risk factors were estimated with Chi-square analysis, odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: In total, 420 patients were included in this study, of whom 335 (79.8%) had GERD. The mean age was 44.01 ± 16.52 years. Overall, 143 (34%) patients were positive for H. pylori infection. cagA-negative H. pylori isolates were significantly associated with the GERD group. Variables such as gender, age, alcohol, smoking, body mass index (BMI), smoking, and hiatus hernia in patients had no significant association with H. pylori infection. However, increased age, gender, Frequency Scale for the Symptoms of GERD (FSSG) score, BMI, and presence of hiatus hernia were significantly associated with the GERD group. Conclusion: In our results, there was no association between H. pylori infection and GERD. The risk factors for GERD were age, gender, FSSG score, BMI, and hiatus hernia. Further studies are recommended.

Keywords

• caga
• gastroesophageal reflux disease
• helicobacter pylori
• icea
• lifestyle/risk factors
• vaca
• virulent genes