Destruction of cariogenic biofilms by antimicrobial photodynamic therapy mediated by phycocyanin and toluidine blue along with sodium fluoride varnish or titanium tetrafluoride

Abstract

Objective: Evaluation of the effect of phycocyanin (PC) and toluidine blue (TBO) along with sodium fluoride varnish (FV) or titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) under the conditions of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) on a dual-species cariogenic biofilm and on remineralization process. Design: After the development of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus dual-species biofilms on the human enamel disks, they were divided into 11 groups (n = 9): Control (0.9 % saline), PC, TBO, FV, and TiF4 alone, PC and TBO in combination with a 635 nm diode laser (PDT treatment), PC-PDT+ (PC + FV or TiF4 + 635 nm diode laser), and TBO-PDT+ (TBO + FV or TiF4 + 635 nm diode laser). After the treatment, crystal violet assay was performed to determine the reduction of cariogenic biofilms. Enamel remineralization changes were analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) for the calcium and phosphorus (Ca/P) ratio. Results: Only TBO-PDT+ showed superior antibiofilm activity when TiF4 was applied. Furthermore, the highest Ca/P ratio was found after treatment of enamel surfaces with TiF4-TBO-PDT+. The FESEM images showed that the enamel disks treated with TiF4 plus TBO-mediated PDT exhibited surface coating. However, TiF4 plus PC-mediated PDT cannot repair demineralized enamel. Conclusions: These data suggest that TBO-PDT along with TiF4 can effectively reduce cariogenic biofilms and significantly remineralize enamel disks, opening new avenues in caries prevention.

Keywords

• Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy
• Dental caries
• Dual-species biofilms
• Phycocyanin
• Toluidine blue, Sodium fluoride varnish
• Titanium tetrafluoride