HIV-1 Drug Resistance among Treatment-Naïve Patients in Russia: Analysis of the National Database, 2006–2022
Alina Kirichenko,
Dmitry Kireev,
Ilya Lapovok,
Anastasia Shlykova,
Alexey Lopatukhin,
Anastasia Pokrovskaya,
Marina Bobkova,
Anastasiia Antonova,
Anna Kuznetsova,
Ekaterina Ozhmegova,
Sergey Shtrek,
Aleksej Sannikov,
Natalia Zaytseva,
Olga Peksheva,
Michael Piterskiy,
Aleksandr Semenov,
Galina Turbina,
Natalia Filoniuk,
Andrey Shemshura,
Valeriy Kulagin,
Dmitry Kolpakov,
Aleksandr Suladze,
Valeriya Kotova,
Lyudmila Balakhontseva,
Vadim Pokrovsky,
Vasiliy Akimkin
Affiliations
Alina Kirichenko
Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia
Dmitry Kireev
Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia
Ilya Lapovok
Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia
Anastasia Shlykova
Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia
Alexey Lopatukhin
Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia
Anastasia Pokrovskaya
Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia
Marina Bobkova
Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
Anastasiia Antonova
Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
Anna Kuznetsova
Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
Ekaterina Ozhmegova
Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
Sergey Shtrek
Omsk Research Institute of Natural Focal Infections, 644080 Omsk, Russia
Aleksej Sannikov
Omsk Research Institute of Natural Focal Infections, 644080 Omsk, Russia
Natalia Zaytseva
Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Rospotrebnadzor, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
Olga Peksheva
Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Rospotrebnadzor, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
Michael Piterskiy
Federal Scientific Research Institute of Viral Infections «Virome» Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 620030 Ekaterinburg, Russia
Aleksandr Semenov
Federal Scientific Research Institute of Viral Infections «Virome» Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 620030 Ekaterinburg, Russia
Galina Turbina
Lipetsk Regional Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases, 398043 Lipetsk, Russia
Natalia Filoniuk
Lipetsk Regional Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases, 398043 Lipetsk, Russia
Andrey Shemshura
Clinical Center of HIV/AIDS Treatment and Prevention of the Ministry of Health of Krasnodar Region, 350000 Krasnodar, Russia
Valeriy Kulagin
Clinical Center of HIV/AIDS Treatment and Prevention of the Ministry of Health of Krasnodar Region, 350000 Krasnodar, Russia
Dmitry Kolpakov
Rostov Research Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
Aleksandr Suladze
Rostov Research Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
Valeriya Kotova
Khabarovsk Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Rospotrebnadzor, 680610 Khabarovsk, Russia
Lyudmila Balakhontseva
Khabarovsk Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Rospotrebnadzor, 680610 Khabarovsk, Russia
Vadim Pokrovsky
Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia
Vasiliy Akimkin
Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia
In Russia, antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage has significantly increased, which, in the absence of routine genotyping testing, could lead to an increase in HIV drug resistance (DR). The aim of this study was to investigate the patterns and temporal trends in HIV DR as well as the prevalence of genetic variants in treatment-naïve patients from 2006 to 2022, using data from the Russian database (4481 protease and reverse transcriptase and 844 integrase gene sequences). HIV genetic variants, and DR and DR mutations (DRMs) were determined using the Stanford Database. The analysis showed high viral diversity, with the predominance of A6 (78.4%), which was the most common in all transmission risk groups. The overall prevalence of surveillance DRMs (SDRMs) was 5.4%, and it reached 10.0% in 2022. Most patients harbored NNRTI SDRMs (3.3%). The prevalence of SDRMs was highest in the Ural (7.9%). Male gender and the CRF63_02A6 variant were association factors with SDRMs. The overall prevalence of DR was 12.7% and increased over time, primarily due to NNRTIs. Because baseline HIV genotyping is unavailable in Russia, it is necessary to conduct surveillance of HIV DR due to the increased ART coverage and DR prevalence. Centralized collection and unified analysis of all received genotypes in the national database can help in understanding the patterns and trends in DR to improve treatment protocols and increase the effectiveness of ART. Moreover, using the national database can help identify regions or transmission risk groups with a high prevalence of HIV DR for epidemiological measures to prevent the spread of HIV DR in the country.
