Initiation of LPS-induced pulmonary dysfunction and its recovery occur independent of T cells

Abstract

Abstract Background The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a serious disease in critically ill patients that is characterized by pulmonary dysfunctions, hypoxemia and significant mortality. Patients with immunodeficiency (e.g. SCID with T and B cell deficiency) are particularly susceptible to the development of severe ARDS. However, the role of T cells on pulmonary dysfunctions in immune-competent patients with ARDS is only incompletely understood. Methods Wild-type (wt) and RAG2−/− mice (lymphocyte deficient) received intratracheal instillations of LPS (4 mg/kg) or saline. On day 1, 4 and 10 lung mechanics and bronchial hyperresponsiveness towards acetylcholine were measured with the flexiVent ventilation set-up. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was examined for leukocytes (FACS analysis) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (ELISA). Results In wt mice, lung mechanics, body weight and body temperature deteriorated in the LPS-group during the early phase (up to d4); these alterations were accompanied by increased leukocyte numbers and inflammatory cytokine levels in the BALF. During the late phase (day 10), both lung mechanics and the cell/cytokine homeostasis recovered in LPS-treated wt mice. RAG2−/− mice experienced changes in body weight, lung mechanics, BAL neutrophil numbers, BAL inflammatory cytokines levels that were comparable to wt mice. Conclusion Following LPS instillation, lung mechanics deteriorate within the first 4 days and recover towards day 10. This response is not altered by the lack of T lymphocytes suggesting that T cells play only a minor role for the initiation, propagation or recovery of LPS-induced lung dysfunctions or function of T lymphocytes can be compensated by other immune cells, such as alveolar macrophages.

Keywords

• ARDS
• Acute lung injury
• T cell deficiency
• Lung function
• Lung mechanics
• Lung inflammation