Creep Properties and Analysis of Cross Arms’ Materials and Structures in Latticed Transmission Towers: Current Progress and Future Perspectives
Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Asyraf,
Mazlan Rafidah,
Emrah Madenci,
Yasin Onuralp Özkılıç,
Ceyhun Aksoylu,
Muhammad Rizal Razman,
Zuliskandar Ramli,
Sharifah Zarina Syed Zakaria,
Tabrej Khan
Affiliations
Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Asyraf
Engineering Design Research Group (EDRG), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
Mazlan Rafidah
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Emrah Madenci
Department of Civil Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090 Konya, Turkey
Yasin Onuralp Özkılıç
Department of Civil Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090 Konya, Turkey
Ceyhun Aksoylu
Department of Civil Engineering, Konya Technical University, 42130 Konya, Turkey
Muhammad Rizal Razman
Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
Zuliskandar Ramli
Institute of the Malay World and Civilisation (ATMA), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
Sharifah Zarina Syed Zakaria
Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
Tabrej Khan
Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been selected as an alternative to conventional wooden timber cross arms. The advantages of FRP composites include a high strength-to-weight ratio, lightweight, ease of production, as well as optimal mechanical performance. Since a non-conductive cross arm structure is exposed to constant loading for a very long time, creep is one of the main factors that cause structural failure. In this state, the structure experiences creep deformation, which can result in serviceability problems, stress redistribution, pre-stress loss, and the failure of structural elements. These issues can be resolved by assessing the creep trends and properties of the structure, which can forecast its serviceability and long-term mechanical performance. Hence, the principles, approaches, and characteristics of creep are used to comprehend and analyse the behaviour of wood and composite cantilever structures under long-term loads. The development of appropriate creep methods and approaches to non-conductive cross arm construction is given particular attention in this literature review, including suitable mitigation strategies such as sleeve installation, the addition of bracing systems, and the inclusion of cross arm beams in the core structure. Thus, this article delivers a state-of-the-art review of creep properties, as well as an analysis of non-conductive cross arm structures using experimental approaches. Additionally, this review highlights future developments and progress in cross arm studies.