The Astrophysical Journal (Jan 2024)
Flaring Stars in a Nontargeted Millimeter-wave Survey with SPT-3G
- C. Tandoi,
- S. Guns,
- A. Foster,
- P. A. R. Ade,
- A. J. Anderson,
- B. Ansarinejad,
- M. Archipley,
- L. Balkenhol,
- K. Benabed,
- A. N. Bender,
- B. A. Benson,
- F. Bianchini,
- L. E. Bleem,
- F. R. Bouchet,
- L. Bryant,
- E. Camphuis,
- J. E. Carlstrom,
- T. W. Cecil,
- C. L. Chang,
- P. Chaubal,
- P. M. Chichura,
- T.-L. Chou,
- A. Coerver,
- T. M. Crawford,
- A. Cukierman,
- C. Daley,
- T. de Haan,
- K. R. Dibert,
- M. A. Dobbs,
- A. Doussot,
- D. Dutcher,
- W. Everett,
- C. Feng,
- K. R. Ferguson,
- K. Fichman,
- S. Galli,
- A. E. Gambrel,
- R. W. Gardner,
- F. Ge,
- N. Goeckner-Wald,
- R. Gualtieri,
- F. Guidi,
- N. W. Halverson,
- E. Hivon,
- G. P. Holder,
- W. L. Holzapfel,
- J. C. Hood,
- N. Huang,
- F. Kéruzoré,
- L. Knox,
- M. Korman,
- K. Kornoelje,
- C.-L. Kuo,
- A. T. Lee,
- K. Levy,
- A. E. Lowitz,
- C. Lu,
- A. Maniyar,
- F. Menanteau,
- M. Millea,
- J. Montgomery,
- Y. Moon,
- Y. Nakato,
- T. Natoli,
- G. I. Noble,
- V. Novosad,
- Y. Omori,
- S. Padin,
- Z. Pan,
- P. Paschos,
- K. A. Phadke,
- K. Prabhu,
- Z. Qu,
- W. Quan,
- M. Rahimi,
- A. Rahlin,
- C. L. Reichardt,
- C. Reuter,
- M. Rouble,
- J. E. Ruhl,
- E. Schiappucci,
- G. Smecher,
- J. A. Sobrin,
- A. A. Stark,
- J. Stephen,
- A. Suzuki,
- K. L. Thompson,
- B. Thorne,
- C. Trendafilova,
- C. Tucker,
- C. Umilta,
- J. D. Vieira,
- Y. Wan,
- G. Wang,
- N. Whitehorn,
- W. L. K. Wu,
- V. Yefremenko,
- M. R. Young,
- J. A. Zebrowski
Affiliations
- C. Tandoi
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois Urbana –Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA ; [email protected]
- S. Guns
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- A. Foster
- ORCiD
- Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- P. A. R. Ade
- ORCiD
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University , Cardiff CF24 3YB, UK
- A. J. Anderson
- ORCiD
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , MS209, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA; Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- B. Ansarinejad
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- M. Archipley
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois Urbana –Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA ; [email protected]; Center for AstroPhysical Surveys, National Center for Supercomputing Applications , Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- L. Balkenhol
- ORCiD
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris , 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
- K. Benabed
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris , 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
- A. N. Bender
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; High-Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- B. A. Benson
- ORCiD
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , MS209, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA; Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- F. Bianchini
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University , 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Physics, Stanford University , 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- L. E. Bleem
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; High-Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- F. R. Bouchet
- ORCiD
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris , 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
- L. Bryant
- Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- E. Camphuis
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris , 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
- J. E. Carlstrom
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; High-Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA; Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- T. W. Cecil
- ORCiD
- High-Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- C. L. Chang
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; High-Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- P. Chaubal
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- P. M. Chichura
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- T.-L. Chou
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- A. Coerver
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- T. M. Crawford
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- A. Cukierman
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University , 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Physics, Stanford University , 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- C. Daley
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois Urbana –Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA ; [email protected]
- T. de Haan
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- K. R. Dibert
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- M. A. Dobbs
- Department of Physics and McGill Space Institute, McGill University , 3600 Rue University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research , CIFAR Program in Gravity and the Extreme Universe, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, Canada
- A. Doussot
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris , 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
- D. Dutcher
- ORCiD
- Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- W. Everett
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- C. Feng
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana –Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- K. R. Ferguson
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- K. Fichman
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- S. Galli
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris , 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
- A. E. Gambrel
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- R. W. Gardner
- Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- F. Ge
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- N. Goeckner-Wald
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University , 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Physics, Stanford University , 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- R. Gualtieri
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University , 633 Clark Street, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- F. Guidi
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris , 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
- N. W. Halverson
- CASA, Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- E. Hivon
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris , 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
- G. P. Holder
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana –Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- W. L. Holzapfel
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. C. Hood
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- N. Huang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- F. Kéruzoré
- High-Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- L. Knox
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- M. Korman
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- K. Kornoelje
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; High-Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- C.-L. Kuo
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University , 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Physics, Stanford University , 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- A. T. Lee
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley , CA 94720, USA
- K. Levy
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- A. E. Lowitz
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- C. Lu
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana –Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- A. Maniyar
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University , 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Physics, Stanford University , 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- F. Menanteau
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois Urbana –Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA ; [email protected]; Center for AstroPhysical Surveys, National Center for Supercomputing Applications , Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- M. Millea
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. Montgomery
- Department of Physics and McGill Space Institute, McGill University , 3600 Rue University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada
- Y. Moon
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois Urbana –Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA ; [email protected]
- Y. Nakato
- Department of Physics, Stanford University , 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- T. Natoli
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- G. I. Noble
- ORCiD
- Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 50 St George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada; David A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 50 St George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada
- V. Novosad
- Materials Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Y. Omori
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- S. Padin
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Z. Pan
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; High-Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA; Department of Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- P. Paschos
- Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- K. A. Phadke
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois Urbana –Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA ; [email protected]; Center for AstroPhysical Surveys, National Center for Supercomputing Applications , Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- K. Prabhu
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Z. Qu
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois Urbana –Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA ; [email protected]
- W. Quan
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- M. Rahimi
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- A. Rahlin
- ORCiD
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , MS209, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA; Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- C. L. Reichardt
- ORCiD
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- C. Reuter
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois Urbana –Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA ; [email protected]
- M. Rouble
- Department of Physics and McGill Space Institute, McGill University , 3600 Rue University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada
- J. E. Ruhl
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- E. Schiappucci
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- G. Smecher
- Three-Speed Logic, Inc. , Victoria, BC V8S 3Z5, Canada
- J. A. Sobrin
- ORCiD
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , MS209, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA; Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- A. A. Stark
- Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- J. Stephen
- Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- A. Suzuki
- Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley , CA 94720, USA
- K. L. Thompson
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University , 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Physics, Stanford University , 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- B. Thorne
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- C. Trendafilova
- Center for AstroPhysical Surveys, National Center for Supercomputing Applications , Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- C. Tucker
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University , Cardiff CF24 3YB, UK
- C. Umilta
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana –Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- J. D. Vieira
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois Urbana –Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA ; [email protected]; Center for AstroPhysical Surveys, National Center for Supercomputing Applications , Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana –Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Y. Wan
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois Urbana –Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA ; [email protected]; Center for AstroPhysical Surveys, National Center for Supercomputing Applications , Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- G. Wang
- High-Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- N. Whitehorn
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- W. L. K. Wu
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University , 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- V. Yefremenko
- High-Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- M. R. Young
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , MS209, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA; Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- J. A. Zebrowski
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , MS209, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA; Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad58db
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 972,
no. 1
p. 6
Abstract
We present a flare star catalog from 4 yr of nontargeted millimeter-wave survey data from the South Pole Telescope (SPT). The data were taken with the SPT-3G camera and cover a 1500 deg ^2 region of the sky from 20 ^h 40 ^m 0 ^s to 3 ^h 20 ^m 0 ^s in right ascension and from −42° to −70° in declination. This region was observed on a nearly daily cadence from 2019 to 2022 and chosen to avoid the plane of the galaxy. A short-duration transient search of this survey yields 111 flaring events from 66 stars, increasing the number of both flaring events and detected flare stars by an order of magnitude from the previous SPT-3G data release. We provide cross-matching to Gaia DR3, as well as matches to X-ray point sources found in the second ROSAT all-sky survey. We have detected flaring stars across the main sequence, from early-type A stars to M dwarfs, as well as a large population of evolved stars. These stars are mostly nearby, spanning 10–1000 pc in distance. Most of the flare spectral indices are constant or gently rising as a function of frequency at 95/150/220 GHz. The timescale of these events can range from minutes to hours, and the peak ν L _ν luminosities range from 10 ^27 to 10 ^31 erg s ^−1 in the SPT-3G frequency bands.
Keywords
