Liquid Phase and Microwave-Assisted Extractions for Multicomponent Phenolic Pattern Determination of Five Romanian <i>Galium</i> Species Coupled with Bioassays
Andrei Mocan,
Alina Diuzheva,
Sabin Bădărău,
Cadmiel Moldovan,
Vasil Andruch,
Simone Carradori,
Cristina Campestre,
Angela Tartaglia,
Marta De Simone,
Dan Vodnar,
Matteo Tiecco,
Raimondo Germani,
Gianina Crișan,
Marcello Locatelli
Affiliations
Andrei Mocan
Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Alina Diuzheva
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, SK-04180 Košice, Slovakia
Sabin Bădărău
Department of Environmental Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Cadmiel Moldovan
Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Vasil Andruch
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, SK-04180 Košice, Slovakia
Simone Carradori
Department of Pharmacy, University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
Cristina Campestre
Department of Pharmacy, University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
Angela Tartaglia
Department of Pharmacy, University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
Marta De Simone
Department of Pharmacy, University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
Dan Vodnar
Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Matteo Tiecco
Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
Raimondo Germani
Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
Gianina Crișan
Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Marcello Locatelli
Department of Pharmacy, University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
Background: Galium is a plant rich in iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and small amounts of essential oils and vitamin C. Recent works showed the antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and antioxidant activity of this plant genus. Methods: For the determination of the multicomponent phenolic pattern, liquid phase microextraction procedures were applied, combined with HPLC-PDA instrument configuration in five Galium species aerial parts (G. verum, G. album, G. rivale, G. pseudoaristatum, and G. purpureum). Dispersive Liquid–Liquid MicroExtraction (DLLME) with NaCl and NAtural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) medium and Ultrasound-Assisted (UA)-DLLME with β-cyclodextrin medium were optimized. Results: The optimal DLLME conditions were found to be: 10 mg of the sample, 10% NaCl, 15% NADES or 1% β-cyclodextrin as extraction solvent—400 μL of ethyl acetate as dispersive solvent—300 μL of ethanol, vortex time—30 s, extraction time—1 min, centrifugation at 12000× g for 5 min. Conclusions: These results were compared with microwave-assisted extraction procedures. G. purpureum and G. verum extracts showed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content, respectively. The most potent extract in terms of antioxidant capacity was obtained from G. purpureum, whereas the extract obtained from G. album exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect against tyrosinase.
