COMPARING SEASONALITY OF BATS' FEEDING BEHAVIOR TO SEASONALITY OF NIPAH VIRUS TRANSMISSION TO HUMANS IN BANGLADESH

Abstract

Intro: A few communities collect date palm sap throughout the year to ferment and consume. This study's objective was to characterize Pteropus bats’ sap feeding behavior around the year to identify the potential for sap contamination with bat excreta. Methods: We used infrared cameras to observe bats' feeding behavior for 28 tree-nights per month for 22 months from March 2013 to December 2014. We placed the cameras at 4 sap-producing date palm trees focused on the sap- producing surface and collection pot from 5:00 PM to 6:00 AM for seven consecutive nights. We extracted the number and duration of bat visits and duration of contact with date palm sap from the images. Findings: We recorded a total of 26,870 bat visits (5% Pteropus, 90% non- Pteropus and 5% unidentified) from 616 observation tree-nights. Median duration of each visit was higher for Pteropus bats than non-Pteropus bats (8 versus 0.03 minutes, P< 0.001). Median duration of contact with date palm sap was higher for Pteropus bats (0.67 versus 0.03 minutes, P<0.001) for each visit. The average number of Pteropus bat visits per night was the highest during spring (17) followed by winter (14), post-monsoon (6), and monsoon (3). Conclusion: Even when date palm sap is harvested year-round, Pteropus bats visit the date palm trees more frequently during the spring and winter, perhaps due to lack of other available food. Feeding behavior could be one reason why the risk of Nipah infection to people has been concentrated in the winter season, even when fermented sap is consumed year-round. Sap harvesters should regularly use skirts to prevent bats from contaminating the date palm sap to prevent Nipah virus and other bat associated zoonoses.

Keywords

• Bat and infrared camera and date palm sap