Newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia in unfit patients: 2026 treatment algorithms

Abstract

Abstract Management paradigms for newly-diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (ND-AML) in patients considered unfit to receive intensive chemotherapy have evolved with improved understanding of disease biology. In this setting, management requires clear delineation of goals of therapy that should include preservation of quality-of-life (QoL). Combination of venetoclax (Ven) and a hypomethylating agent (HMA) is the current standard-of-care in most circumstances with flexible options in regard to drug dose and duration of treatment as well as the addition (triplet combinations) or alternative use of targeted therapies, such as inhibitors of FLT3, IDH1, IDH2, or menin for patients with NPM1 MUT or KMT2A rearrangements (KMT2Ar). Response rates (CR/CRi:40-90%) and overall survival outcomes (3-year: 0–67%) following Ven-HMA therapy are highly variable and depend primarily on tumor genetics while achievement of complete response with (CR) or without count recovery (CRi) and consolidation with allogeneic stem cell transplant (ASCT) are essential in securing long-term survival. Favorable genomic predictors of response to Ven-HMA include NPM1 MUT, IDH2 MUT, and DDX41 MUT, and unfavorable TP53 MUT, FLT3-ITD, and K/NRAS MUT. Favorable predictors of overall survival include IDH2 MUT, and unfavorable TP53 MUT, FLT3-ITD, K/NRAS MUT, and KMT2Ar. Whether or not triplet regimens provide significant survival gain over Ven-HMA in genetically targetable subgroups remains to be determined. Particularly frail patients who are considered unfit for Ven-HMA might benefit from monotherapy targeting FLT3 MUT, IDH1/2 MUT, NPM1 MUTor KMT2Ar. Future research projects should focus on incorporating patient-reported outcomes in clinical trials, optimization of Ven-HMA dosing and treatment duration especially in triplet combinations and broadening the use of ASCT and clarification of its timing.