MMM: Authenticated Encryption with Minimum Secret State for Masking

Abstract

We propose a new authenticated encryption (AE) mode MMM that achieves the minimum memory size with masking. Minimizing the secret state is the crucial challenge in the low-memory AE suitable for masking. Here, the minimum secret state is s + b bits, composed of s bits for a secret key and b bits for a plaintext block. HOMA appeared in CRYPTO 2022 achieved this goal with b = 64, but choosing a smaller b was difficult because b = s/2 is bound to the block size of the underlying primitive, meaning that a block cipher with an unrealistically small block size (e.g., 8 bits) is necessary for further improvement. MMM addresses the issue by making b independent of the underlying primitive while achieving the minimum (s + b)-bit secret state. Moreover, MMM provides additional advantages over HOMA, including (i) a better rate, (ii) the security under the multi-user model, (iii) and a smaller transmission cost. We instantiate two variants, MMM-8 (with b = 8) and MMM-64 (with b = 64), using the standard tweakable block cipher SKINNY-64/192. With a (d + 1)-masking scheme, MMM-8 (resp. MMM-64) is smaller by 56d + 184 (resp. 128) bits compared with HOMA. As a result of hardware performance evaluation, MMM-8 and MMM-64 achieved smaller circuit areas than HOMA with all the examined protection orders d ∈ [0, 5]. MMM-8’s circuit area is only 81% of HOMA with d = 5, and MMM-64 achieves more than x3 speed-up with a smaller circuit area.

Keywords

• Authenticated Encryption
• Mode of Operation
• Side-Channel Attack
• Masking
• Multi-User Security