Pharmacophore Modeling and Binding Affinity of Secondary Metabolites from <i>Angelica keiskei</i> to HMG Co-A Reductase

Abstract

Statins are cholesterol-lowering drugs with a mechanism of inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, but long-term use can cause side effects. An example of a plant capable of reducing cholesterol levels is Angelica keiskei (ashitaba). Therefore, this study aimed to obtain suitable compounds with inhibitory activity against the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme from ashitaba through in silico tests. The experiment began with screening and pharmacophore modeling, followed by molecular docking on ashitaba’s compounds, statins groups, and the native ligand was (3R,5R)-7-[4-(benzyl carbamoyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(1-methylethyl)-1H-imidazole-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid (4HI). Based on the results of the molecular docking simulations, 15 hit compounds had a small binding energy (ΔG). Pitavastatin, as the comparator drug (ΔG = −8.24 kcal/mol; Ki = 2.11 µM), had a lower ΔG and inhibition constant (Ki) than the native ligand 4HI (ΔG = −7.84 kcal/mol; Ki = 7.96µM). From ashitaba’s compounds, it was found that 4′-O-geranylnaringenin, luteolin, isobavachalcone, dorsmannin A, and 3′-carboxymethyl-4,2′-dihydroxy-4′-methoxychalcone have low ΔG of below −6 kcal/mol. The lowest ΔG value was found in 3′-carboxymethyl-4,2′-dihydroxy-4′-methoxy chalcone with a ΔG of −6.67 kcal/mol and Ki value of 16.66 µM, which was lower than the ΔG value of the other comparator drugs, atorvastatin (ΔG = −5.49 kcal/mol; Ki = 1148.17 µM) and simvastatin (ΔG = −6.50 kcal/mol; Ki = 22.34 µM). This compound also binds to the important amino acid residues, including ASN755D, ASP690C, GLU559D, LYS735D, LYS691C, and SER684C, through hydrogen bonds. Based on the results, the compound effectively binds to six important amino acids with good binding affinity and only requires a small concentration to reduce half of the enzyme activity.

Keywords

• statins
• HMG-CoA reductase
• <i>Angelica keiskei</i>
• in silico