Epileptiform discharges triggered with direct electrical stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: Factors that modulate risk and treatment considerations

• Joline M. Fan,
• Ankit N. Khambhati,
• Kristin K. Sellers,
• Noah Stapper,
• Daniela Astudillo Maya,
• Elysha Kunwar,
• Catherine Henderson,
• Leo P. Sugrue,
• Katherine W. Scangos,
• Edward F. Chang,
• Vikram R. Rao,
• Andrew D. Krystal

Affiliations

Joline M. Fan

Corresponding author. University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, 505 Parnassus Ave, Box 0114, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

Ankit N. Khambhati

Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

Kristin K. Sellers

Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

Noah Stapper

Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

Daniela Astudillo Maya

Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

Elysha Kunwar

Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

Catherine Henderson

Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

Leo P. Sugrue

Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

Katherine W. Scangos

Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

Edward F. Chang

Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

Vikram R. Rao

Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

Andrew D. Krystal

Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA