Low spatial frequency laser-induced periodic surface structures in fused silica inscribed by widely tunable femtosecond laser pulses

Abstract

Abstract The formation and evolution of laser-induced periodic surface structures in fused silica under irradiation of widely tunable (in the 1–3 $$\upmu$$ μ m range) linearly polarized femtosecond (200 fs) pulses was studied experimentally. The structures were inscribed in high fluence regime (exceeding the surface ablation threshold for a single pulse) and characterized by using scanning electron microscopy and two dimensional Fourier transform. The results revealed rapid (after irradiation with a few successive pulses) formation of periodic laser-induced periodic surface structures aligned parallel to laser polarization, whose period increases with increasing the inscription wavelength, obeying the $$\lambda /n$$ λ / n law. With further increase of number of pulses, the generated structures gradually reorganize into laser polarization-independent low spatial frequency annular structures associated with formation of the damage crater, which fully established after irradiation with a few tens of successive laser pulses. This particular evolution scenario was observed over the entire wavelength tuning range of incident pulses.