Is the Social Gradient in Net Survival Observed in France the Result of Inequalities in Cancer-Specific Mortality or Inequalities in General Mortality?

Abstract

Background: In cancer net survival analyses, if life tables (LT) are not stratified based on socio-demographic characteristics, then the social gradient in mortality in the general population is ignored. Consequently, the social gradient estimated on cancer-related excess mortality might be inaccurate. We aimed to evaluate whether the social gradient in cancer net survival observed in France could be attributable to inaccurate LT. Methods: Deprivation-specific LT were simulated, applying the social gradient in the background mortality due to external sources to the original French LT. Cancer registries’ data from a previous French study were re-analyzed using the simulated LT. Deprivation was assessed according to the European Deprivation Index (EDI). Net survival was estimated by the Pohar–Perme method and flexible excess mortality hazard models by using multidimensional penalized splines. Results: A reduction in net survival among patients living in the most-deprived areas was attenuated with simulated LT, but trends in the social gradient remained, except for prostate cancer, for which the social gradient reversed. Flexible modelling additionally showed a loss of effect of EDI upon the excess mortality hazard of esophagus, bladder and kidney cancers in men and bladder cancer in women using simulated LT. Conclusions: For most cancers the results were similar using simulated LT. However, inconsistent results, particularly for prostate cancer, highlight the need for deprivation-specific LT in order to produce accurate results.

Keywords

• France
• cancer registries
• excess mortality framework
• simulated deprivation-specific life tables
• European deprivation index