The critical impacts of cytokine storms in respiratory disorders
Shahana Riyaz Tramboo,
Ahmed M.E. Elkhalifa,
Syed Quibtiya,
Sofi Imtiyaz Ali,
Naveed Nazir Shah,
Syed Taifa,
Rabia Rakhshan,
Iqra Hussain Shah,
Muzafar Ahmad Mir,
Masood Malik,
Zahid Ramzan,
Nusrat Bashir,
Shubeena Ahad,
Ibraq Khursheed,
Elsharif A. Bazie,
Elsadig Mohamed Ahmed,
Abozer Y. Elderdery,
Fawaz O. Alenazy,
Awadh Alanazi,
Badr Alzahrani,
Muharib Alruwaili,
Emad Manni,
Sanaa E. Hussein,
Ezeldine K. Abdalhabib,
Showkat Ul Nabi
Affiliations
Shahana Riyaz Tramboo
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
Ahmed M.E. Elkhalifa
Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, 11673, Saudi Arabia; Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti, 1158, Sudan; Corresponding author. Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh 11673, Saudi Arabia. Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti 1158, Sudan.
Syed Quibtiya
Department of General Surgery, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Srinagar, 190011, Jammu & Kashmir, India
Sofi Imtiyaz Ali
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
Naveed Nazir Shah
Department of Chest Medicine, Govt. Medical College, Srinagar, 191202, Jammu & Kashmir, India
Syed Taifa
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
Rabia Rakhshan
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, 190006, India
Iqra Hussain Shah
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
Muzafar Ahmad Mir
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
Masood Malik
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
Zahid Ramzan
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
Nusrat Bashir
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
Shubeena Ahad
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
Ibraq Khursheed
Department of Zoology, Central University of Kashmir, 191201, Nunar, Ganderbal, Jammu & Kashmir, India
Elsharif A. Bazie
Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti, 1158, Sudan
Elsadig Mohamed Ahmed
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha, 61922, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti, 1158, Sudan
Abozer Y. Elderdery
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al-Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia; Corresponding author.
Fawaz O. Alenazy
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al-Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia
Awadh Alanazi
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al-Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia
Badr Alzahrani
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al-Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia
Muharib Alruwaili
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al-Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia
Emad Manni
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al-Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia
Sanaa E. Hussein
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al-Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia
Ezeldine K. Abdalhabib
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al-Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia
Showkat Ul Nabi
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India; Corresponding author. Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India.
Cytokine storm (CS) refers to the spontaneous dysregulated and hyper-activated inflammatory reaction occurring in various clinical conditions, ranging from microbial infection to end-stage organ failure. Recently the novel coronavirus involved in COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) has been associated with the pathological phenomenon of CS in critically ill patients. Furthermore, critically ill patients suffering from CS are likely to have a grave prognosis and a higher case fatality rate. Pathologically CS is manifested as hyper-immune activation and is clinically manifested as multiple organ failure. An in-depth understanding of the etiology of CS will enable the discovery of not just disease risk factors of CS but also therapeutic approaches to modulate the immune response and improve outcomes in patients with respiratory diseases having CS in the pathogenic pathway. Owing to the grave consequences of CS in various diseases, this phenomenon has attracted the attention of researchers and clinicians throughout the globe. So in the present manuscript, we have attempted to discuss CS and its ramifications in COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases, as well as prospective treatment approaches and biomarkers of the cytokine storm. Furthermore, we have attempted to provide in-depth insight into CS from both a prophylactic and therapeutic point of view. In addition, we have included recent findings of CS in respiratory diseases reported from different parts of the world, which are based on expert opinion, clinical case-control research, experimental research, and a case-controlled cohort approach.
