The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (Jan 2023)
GECAM Localization of High-energy Transients and the Systematic Error
- Yi Zhao,
- Wang-Chen Xue,
- Shao-Lin Xiong,
- Yuan-Hao Wang,
- Jia-Cong Liu,
- Qi Luo,
- Yan-Qiu Zhang,
- Jian-Chao Sun,
- Xiao-Yun Zhao,
- Ce Cai,
- Shuo Xiao,
- Yue Huang,
- Xiao-Bo Li,
- Zhen Zhang,
- Jin-Yuan Liao,
- Sheng Yang,
- Rui Qiao,
- Dong-Ya Guo,
- Chao Zheng,
- Qi-Bin Yi,
- Sheng-Lun Xie,
- Zhi-Wei Guo,
- Chao-Yang Li,
- Chen-Wei Wang,
- Wen-Jun Tan,
- Yue Wang,
- Wen-Xi Peng,
- Shi-Jie Zheng,
- Jian-Jian He,
- Ping Wang,
- Jin Wang,
- Xiang Ma,
- Xin-Ying Song,
- Hong-Mei Zhang,
- Bing Li,
- Peng Zhang,
- Hong Wu,
- Yan-Qi Du,
- Jing Liang,
- Guo-Ying Zhao,
- Xin-Qiao Li,
- Xiang-Yang Wen,
- Zheng-Hua An,
- Xi-Lei Sun,
- Yan-Bing Xu,
- Fan Zhang,
- Da-Li Zhang,
- Ke Gong,
- Ya-Qing Liu,
- Xiao-Hua Liang,
- Xiao-Jing Liu,
- Min Gao,
- Jin-Zhou Wang,
- Li-Ming Song,
- Gang Chen,
- Ke-Ke Zhang,
- Xing-Bo Han,
- Hai-Yan Wu,
- Tai Hu,
- Hao Geng,
- Fang-Jun Lu,
- Shu Zhang,
- Shuang-Nan Zhang,
- Gao-Peng Lu,
- Ming Zeng,
- Heng Yu
Affiliations
- Yi Zhao
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Wang-Chen Xue
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- Shao-Lin Xiong
- ORCiD
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Yuan-Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Jia-Cong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- Qi Luo
- ORCiD
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- Yan-Qiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- Jian-Chao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Xiao-Yun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Ce Cai
- ORCiD
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China; College of Physics, Hebei Normal University , 20 South Erhuan Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Shuo Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Data Processing, Guizhou Normal University , Guiyang 550001, GuiZhou, People’s Republic of China; School of Physics and Electronic Science, Guizhou Normal University , Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Yue Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Xiao-Bo Li
- ORCiD
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Zhen Zhang
- ORCiD
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Jin-Yuan Liao
- ORCiD
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Sheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Rui Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Dong-Ya Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Chao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- Qi-Bin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn; School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University , Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Sheng-Lun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn; Institute of Astrophysics, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People’s Republic of China
- Zhi-Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn; College of Physics Sciences Technology, Hebei University , No. 180 Wusi Dong Road, Lian Chi District, Baoding City, Hebei Province 071002, People’s Republic of China
- Chao-Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn; Physics and Space Science College, China West Normal University , Nanchong 637002, People’s Republic of China
- Chen-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- Wen-Jun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- Wen-Xi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Shi-Jie Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Jian-Jian He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Ping Wang
- ORCiD
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Xiang Ma
- ORCiD
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Xin-Ying Song
- ORCiD
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Hong-Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Bing Li
- ORCiD
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn; College of Electronic and information Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai 201804, People’s Republic of China
- Hong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn; School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu 611756, People’s Republic of China
- Yan-Qi Du
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn; School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu 611756, People’s Republic of China
- Jing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn; School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu 611756, People’s Republic of China
- Guo-Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn; School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University , Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Xin-Qiao Li
- ORCiD
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Xiang-Yang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Zheng-Hua An
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Xi-Lei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Yan-Bing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Da-Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Ke Gong
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- Ya-Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Xiao-Hua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Xiao-Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Min Gao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Jin-Zhou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Li-Ming Song
- ORCiD
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Gang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Ke-Ke Zhang
- Innovation Academy for Microsatellites of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, 201304, People’s Republic of China
- Xing-Bo Han
- ORCiD
- Innovation Academy for Microsatellites of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, 201304, People’s Republic of China
- Hai-Yan Wu
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- Tai Hu
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- Hao Geng
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- Fang-Jun Lu
- ORCiD
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Shu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn
- Shuang-Nan Zhang
- ORCiD
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China xiongsl@ihep.ac.cn; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- Gao-Peng Lu
- ORCiD
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Ming Zeng
- ORCiD
- Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging (Tsinghua University) , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China; Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
- Heng Yu
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/acafeb
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 265,
no. 1
p. 17
Abstract
The Gravitational Wave High-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor (GECAM) is a pair of microsatellites (i.e., GECAM-A and GECAM-B) dedicated to monitoring gamma-ray transients including the high-energy electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational waves, such as gamma-ray bursts, soft gamma-ray repeaters, solar flares, and terrestrial gamma-ray flashes. Since launch in 2020 December, GECAM-B has detected hundreds of astronomical and terrestrial events. For these bursts, localization is the key for burst identification and classification as well as follow-up observations in multiple wavelengths. Here, we propose a Bayesian localization method with Poisson data with Gaussian background profile likelihood to localize GECAM bursts based on the distribution of burst counts in detectors with different orientations. We demonstrate that this method can work well for all kinds of bursts, especially extremely short ones. In addition, we propose a new method to estimate the systematic error of localization based on a confidence level test, which can overcome some problems of the existing method in the literature. We validate this method by Monte Carlo simulations, and then apply it to a burst sample with accurate location and find that the mean value of the systematic error of GECAM-B localization is ∼2.°5. By considering this systematic error, we can obtain a reliable localization probability map for GECAM bursts. Our methods can be applied to other gamma-ray monitors.
Keywords
