Study on the Nutrient Optimal Management Strategy of High and Stable Annual Yield in the Rice–Wheat System: A 10-Year Term Experiment
Guofa Zhang,
Jianwei Zhang,
Lei Xu,
Yan Zhou,
Pengfu Hou,
Fei Yang,
Weiwei Li,
Zhenghui Liu,
Yanfeng Ding,
Ganghua Li
Affiliations
Guofa Zhang
National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Jianwei Zhang
National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Lei Xu
National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Yan Zhou
National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Pengfu Hou
Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
Fei Yang
National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Weiwei Li
National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Zhenghui Liu
National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Yanfeng Ding
National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Ganghua Li
National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
What strategy of nutrient management can maintain the high and stable annual yield in rice–wheat systems under climate change? A 10-year term experiment was conducted in the rice–wheat system to investigate the effect of optimal nutrient management on crop yield and meteorological drivers of year-to-year fluctuations in rice and wheat yield. Treatments were as follows: conventional fertilization (CF, as control), fertilizer postponing (FP, with the same amount fertilization as CF and increasing rate and times of panicle fertilizer) with/without straw incorporation (including only straw returned in rice (W) or wheat (R) season, and both straw incorporation (WS), RFP (reducing amount based on FP) with/without organic fertilizer. Results showed that FP with/without straw incorporation increased 10-year average yields of rice, wheat, and annual by 4.5~6.5%, 3.8~7.2%, and 4.8~6.8%, respectively, while RFP with/without organic fertilizer did not markedly reduce wheat yield, compared with CF. Effect of optimal treatments on wheat and rice yield stability was different; among the annual yield stability in FP + WRS was the greatest due to increasing and a stable number of spikelets and dry matter accumulation (DMA) after heading. Furthermore, the coefficient of variation (CV) of DMA during rice jointing-heading (21.6~30.0%) and heading-maturity stage (20.1~27.9%) was higher than before jointing (13.9~16.7%), which were affected by day photosynthetically active radiation (explain: 26%) and the number of rainy days (explain: 34%), respectively, using Stepwise regression; in contrast, in wheat season, the fluctuation of DMA before jointing was the highest (CV: 83.8~109.9% (before jointing) vs. 61.1~97.4% (heading-mature stage) vs. 33.7~46.3% (jointing-heading period), 55% of its variations was impacted by day-night temperature differences, the number of rainy days and photosynthetically active radiation accumulation. Our finding suggested that nutrient management to increase and stable the DMA after rice jointing and before wheat jointing could maintain the high and stable annual yield in rice–wheat systems.
