The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (Jan 2025)
Planet Masses, Radii, and Orbits from NASA’s K2 Mission
- Andrew W. Howard,
- Evan Sinukoff,
- Sarah Blunt,
- Erik A. Petigura,
- Ian J. M. Crossfield,
- Howard Isaacson,
- Molly Kosiarek,
- Ryan A. Rubenzahl,
- John M. Brewer,
- Benjamin J. Fulton,
- Courtney D. Dressing,
- Lea A. Hirsch,
- Heather Knutson,
- John H. Livingston,
- Sean M. Mills,
- Arpita Roy,
- Lauren M. Weiss,
- Bjorn Benneke,
- David R. Ciardi,
- Jessie L. Christiansen,
- William D. Cochran,
- Justin R. Crepp,
- Erica Gonzales,
- Brad M. S. Hansen,
- Kevin Hardegree-Ullman,
- Steve B. Howell,
- Sébastien Lépine,
- Arturo O. Martinez,
- Leslie A. Rogers,
- Joshua E. Schlieder,
- Michael Werner,
- Alex S. Polanski,
- Isabel Angelo,
- Corey Beard,
- Aida Behmard,
- Luke G. Bouma,
- Casey L. Brinkman,
- Ashley Chontos,
- Fei Dai,
- Paul A. Dalba,
- Steven Giacalone,
- Samuel K. Grunblatt,
- Michelle L. Hill,
- Stephen R. Kane,
- Jack Lubin,
- Andrew W. Mayo,
- Teo Mocnik,
- Joseph M. Akana Murphy,
- Malena Rice,
- Lee J. Rosenthal,
- Dakotah Tyler,
- Judah Van Zandt,
- Samuel W. Yee
Affiliations
- Andrew W. Howard
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA
- Evan Sinukoff
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA; Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Sarah Blunt
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA; Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA, USA; Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Erik A. Petigura
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Ian J. M. Crossfield
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS, USA ; [email protected]
- Howard Isaacson
- ORCiD
- Astronomy Department, University of California , Berkeley, CA, USA
- Molly Kosiarek
- Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Ryan A. Rubenzahl
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA
- John M. Brewer
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, San Francisco State University , 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
- Benjamin J. Fulton
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA; IPAC - NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, California Institute of Technology , 770 S. Wilson Avenue, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Courtney D. Dressing
- ORCiD
- Astronomy Department, University of California , Berkeley, CA, USA
- Lea A. Hirsch
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga , 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Heather Knutson
- ORCiD
- Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA
- John H. Livingston
- ORCiD
- Astrobiology Center , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Astronomical Science Program, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies , SOKENDAI, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
- Sean M. Mills
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA
- Arpita Roy
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Astrophysics & Space Institute, Schmidt Sciences , New York, NY 10011, USA
- Lauren M. Weiss
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Bjorn Benneke
- ORCiD
- Institut de Recherche sur les Exoplanètes, Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC, Canada
- David R. Ciardi
- ORCiD
- IPAC - NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, California Institute of Technology , 770 S. Wilson Avenue, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Jessie L. Christiansen
- IPAC - NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, California Institute of Technology , 770 S. Wilson Avenue, Pasadena, CA, USA
- William D. Cochran
- ORCiD
- McDonald Observatory and Center for Planetary Systems Habitability, The University of Texas , Austin, TX, USA
- Justin R. Crepp
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Erica Gonzales
- Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Brad M. S. Hansen
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Kevin Hardegree-Ullman
- IPAC - NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, California Institute of Technology , 770 S. Wilson Avenue, Pasadena, CA, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo , Toledo, OH 43606, USA; Steward Observatory, The University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Steve B. Howell
- ORCiD
- NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, CA, USA
- Sébastien Lépine
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Georgia State University , 25 Park Place NE 605, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Arturo O. Martinez
- NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, CA, USA; Bay Area Environmental Research Institute , Moffett Field, CA, USA
- Leslie A. Rogers
- Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, USA
- Joshua E. Schlieder
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Michael Werner
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Alex S. Polanski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS, USA ; [email protected]; Lowell Observatory , 1400 W. Mars Hill Road, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- Isabel Angelo
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Corey Beard
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Aida Behmard
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History , 200 Central Park West, Manhattan, NY, USA
- Luke G. Bouma
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA
- Casey L. Brinkman
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Ashley Chontos
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Fei Dai
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Paul A. Dalba
- Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Steven Giacalone
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA
- Samuel K. Grunblatt
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama , Box 870324, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
- Michelle L. Hill
- ORCiD
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California , Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Stephen R. Kane
- ORCiD
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California , Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Jack Lubin
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Andrew W. Mayo
- ORCiD
- Centre for Star and Planet Formation, Natural History Museum of Denmark & Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K., Denmark
- Teo Mocnik
- Gemini Observatory/NSF NOIRLab , Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Joseph M. Akana Murphy
- Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Malena Rice
- Department of Astronomy, Yale University , 219 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Lee J. Rosenthal
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Dakotah Tyler
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Judah Van Zandt
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel W. Yee
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/adc5e4
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 278,
no. 2
p. 52
Abstract
We report the masses, sizes, and orbital properties of 86 planets orbiting 55 stars observed by NASA’s K2 Mission with follow-up Doppler measurements by the HIRES spectrometer at the W. M. Keck Observatory and the Automated Planet Finder at Lick Observatory. Eighty-one of the planets were discovered from their transits in the K2 photometry, while five were found based on subsequent Doppler measurements of transiting planet-host stars. The sizes of the transiting planets range from Earth-size to larger than Jupiter (1–3 R _⊕ is typical), while the orbital periods range from less than a day to a few months. For 32 of the planets, the Doppler signal was detected with significance greater than 5 σ (51 were detected with >3 σ significance). An important characteristic of this catalog is the use of uniform analysis procedures to determine stellar and planetary properties. This includes the transit search and fitting procedures applied to the K2 photometry, the Doppler fitting techniques applied to the radial velocities (RVs), and the spectral modeling to determine bulk stellar parameters. Such a uniform treatment will make the catalog useful for statistical studies of the masses, densities, and system architectures of exoplanetary systems. This work also serves as a data release for all previously unpublished RVs and associated stellar activity indicators obtained by our team for these systems, along with derived stellar and planet parameters.
Keywords
