Novel Therapeutic Agents for Management of Diabetes Mellitus: A Hope for Drug Designing against Diabetes Mellitus
Ahmed M. E. Elkhalifa,
Mehak Nazar,
Sofi Imtiyaz Ali,
Ibraq Khursheed,
Syed Taifa,
Muzafar Ahmad Mir,
Iqra Hussain Shah,
Masood Malik,
Zahid Ramzan,
Shubeena Ahad,
Nusrat Bashir,
Elham Elamin,
Elsharif A. Bazie,
Elsadig Mohamed Ahmed,
Majed Mowanes Alruwaili,
Ammar W. Baltoyour,
Abdullah Salah Alarfaj,
Ibrahim Ali Al Bataj,
Abdullah M. A. Arabe,
Showkat Ul Nabi
Affiliations
Ahmed M. E. Elkhalifa
Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh 11673, Saudi Arabia
Mehak Nazar
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar 190006, India
Sofi Imtiyaz Ali
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar 190006, India
Ibraq Khursheed
Department of Zoology, Central University of Kashmir, Nunar, Ganderbal 191201, India
Syed Taifa
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar 190006, India
Muzafar Ahmad Mir
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar 190006, India
Iqra Hussain Shah
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar 190006, India
Masood Malik
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar 190006, India
Zahid Ramzan
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar 190006, India
Shubeena Ahad
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar 190006, India
Nusrat Bashir
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar 190006, India
Elham Elamin
Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti 1158, Sudan
Elsharif A. Bazie
Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti 1158, Sudan
Elsadig Mohamed Ahmed
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti 1158, Sudan
Majed Mowanes Alruwaili
Nursing Administration & Education Department, College of Nursing, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
Ammar W. Baltoyour
Dhahran Eye Specialist Hospital, Ministry of Health, Dhahran 39455, Saudi Arabia
Abdullah Salah Alarfaj
Dr. Suliman Al-Habib Hospital, Riyadh 11372, Saudi Arabia
Ibrahim Ali Al Bataj
Najran General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Najran 66277, Saudi Arabia
Abdullah M. A. Arabe
Diabetic Center and Unites, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11176, Saudi Arabia
Showkat Ul Nabi
Preclinical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-Kashmir), Srinagar 190006, India
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by an absolute decline in insulin secretion and peripheral resistance and is the most prevalent metabolic and endocrine disorder. However, the pathogenesis of DM also includes adipocyte insulin resistance, increased glucagon secretion, increased renal glomerular glucose absorption, and neurotransmitter dysfunction. Although there is a wide spectrum of therapeutics available for glycemic control, owing to the identification of various pathogenic determinants of DM, management of DM remains challenging and complex. Current therapeutic interventions against DM focus mostly on glycemic control without considering the other pathological determinants that eventually lead to treatment failure and the progression of DM. Furthermore, long-term use of these conventionally available anti-diabetic drugs leads to various side effects, henceforth development of novel drugs against DM remains an unending search strategy for researchers. Various studies conducted in various parts of the world have proposed that these novel therapeutic interventions target multiple and alternate pathogenic hotspots involved in DM. The current review article discusses novel therapeutic options that hold particular promise to support their safety and discuss the side effects resulting from their use so that these novel candidate drugs can be effectively fabricated into potential drugs for the treatment of DM.
