Frontiers in Neuroscience (May 2024)

Expanding the clinical spectrum of anti-DPPX encephalitis: a multicenter retrospective study

  • Yining Gao,
  • Yizongheng Zhang,
  • Hangxing Chunyu,
  • Yongfeng Xu,
  • Ying Wang,
  • Suzhi Liu,
  • Jie Chang,
  • Bo Tang,
  • Congying Xu,
  • Yi Lu,
  • Jian Zhou,
  • Xiangyong Kong,
  • Xiaoying Zhu,
  • Sheng Chen,
  • Qinming Zhou,
  • Huanyu Meng

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1379933
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 18

Abstract

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ObjectiveAnti-dipeptidyl-peptidase-like protein-6 (DPPX) encephalitis is a rare autoimmune encephalitis, and clinical and experimental information regarding this disease is limited. We conducted this study to comprehensively describe the clinical characteristics, ancillary test results, neuroimaging results, and treatment response in a group of Chinese patients with anti-DPPX encephalitis for better understanding this disease.MethodsWe recruited 14 patients who tested positive for anti-DPPX antibodies in the serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid from 11 medical centers between March 2021 and June 2023. This retrospective study evaluated data on symptoms, autoantibody test, auxiliary examinations, treatments, and outcomes.ResultsThe average age at diagnosis was 45.93 ± 4.62 years (range: 11–72 years), and 9 of the 14 patients were males. The main symptoms included cognitive impairment (50.0%, 7/14), central nervous system hyperexcitability (42.9%, 6/14), gastrointestinal dysfunction (35.7%, 5/14), and psychiatric disorders (35.7%, 5/14). Notably, we discovered specific findings on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging in two patients. Co-existing autoantibodies were identified in two patients. Parainfection was identified in four patients. One patient had other autoimmune diseases, and one had tumor. Eleven patients received immunotherapy and most patients improved at discharge. Surprisingly, three male patients but no female patients relapsed during the 6 months of follow-up.ConclusionThe development and outcome of anti-DPPX encephalitis are variable. Male patients were predominant in our cohort. The most common symptoms were the classical triad of prodromal gastrointestinal dysfunction, cognitive and mental disorders, and central nervous system hyperexcitability. Infections, immune dysregulation, and tumors may be important etiologies. Long-term monitoring of disease development should be done in male patients. Overall, our results highlight novel clinical characteristics of anti-DPPX encephalitis.

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