The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (Jan 2023)
The ALMA Survey of Star Formation and Evolution in Massive Protoclusters with Blue Profiles (ASSEMBLE): Core Growth, Cluster Contraction, and Primordial Mass Segregation
- Fengwei Xu,
- Ke Wang,
- Tie Liu,
- Mengyao Tang,
- Neal J. Evans II,
- Aina Palau,
- Kaho Morii,
- Jinhua He,
- Patricio Sanhueza,
- Hong-Li Liu,
- Amelia Stutz,
- Qizhou Zhang,
- Xi Chen,
- Pak Shing Li,
- Gilberto C. Gómez,
- Enrique Vázquez-Semadeni,
- Shanghuo Li,
- Xiaofeng Mai,
- Xing Lu,
- Meizhu Liu,
- Li Chen,
- Chuanshou Li,
- Hongqiong Shi,
- Zhiyuan Ren,
- Di Li,
- Guido Garay,
- Leonardo Bronfman,
- Lokesh Dewangan,
- Mika Juvela,
- Chang Won Lee,
- S. Zhang,
- Nannan Yue,
- Chao Wang,
- Yifei Ge,
- Wenyu Jiao,
- Qiuyi Luo,
- J.-W. Zhou,
- Ken’ichi Tatematsu,
- James O. Chibueze,
- Keyun Su,
- Shenglan Sun,
- I. Ristorcelli,
- L. Viktor Toth
Affiliations
- Fengwei Xu
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected]; Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing, 100871, People’s Republic of China
- Ke Wang
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected]
- Tie Liu
- ORCiD
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
- Mengyao Tang
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astrophysics, School of Physics and Electronic Science, Chuxiong Normal University , Chuxiong 675000, People’s Republic of China
- Neal J. Evans II
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , 2515 Speedway, Stop C1400, Austin, TX 78712-1205, USA
- Aina Palau
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Ex-Hda. San José de la Huerta, 58089 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
- Kaho Morii
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
- Jinhua He
- ORCiD
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 396 Yangfangwang, Guandu District, Kunming, 650216, People’s Republic of China; Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astronomy , National Astronomical Observatories, CAS, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China; Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile , Las Condes, 7591245 Santiago, Chile
- Patricio Sanhueza
- ORCiD
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Astronomical Science Program, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies , SOKENDAI, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
- Hong-Li Liu
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Yunnan University , Kunming 650091, People’s Republic of China
- Amelia Stutz
- ORCiD
- Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Concepción , Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
- Qizhou Zhang
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Xi Chen
- ORCiD
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University , Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China; Peng Cheng Lab , Shenzhen, 518066, People’s Republic of China
- Pak Shing Li
- ORCiD
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
- Gilberto C. Gómez
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Ex-Hda. San José de la Huerta, 58089 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
- Enrique Vázquez-Semadeni
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Ex-Hda. San José de la Huerta, 58089 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
- Shanghuo Li
- ORCiD
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy , Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Xiaofeng Mai
- ORCiD
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
- Xing Lu
- ORCiD
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
- Meizhu Liu
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Yunnan University , Kunming 650091, People’s Republic of China
- Li Chen
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Yunnan University , Kunming 650091, People’s Republic of China
- Chuanshou Li
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Yunnan University , Kunming 650091, People’s Republic of China
- Hongqiong Shi
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Yunnan University , Kunming 650091, People’s Republic of China
- Zhiyuan Ren
- ORCiD
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
- Di Li
- ORCiD
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China; Research Center for Intelligent Computing Platforms , Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, People’s Republic of China; NAOC-UKZN Computational Astrophysics Centre (NUCAC), University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban, 4000, South Africa
- Guido Garay
- ORCiD
- Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile , Las Condes, 7591245 Santiago, Chile
- Leonardo Bronfman
- ORCiD
- Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile , Las Condes, 7591245 Santiago, Chile
- Lokesh Dewangan
- ORCiD
- Physical Research Laboratory , Navrangpura, Ahmedabad-380 009, India
- Mika Juvela
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Chang Won Lee
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , 776 Daedeok-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology , 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- S. Zhang
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected]
- Nannan Yue
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected]
- Chao Wang
- Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected]; Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing, 100871, People’s Republic of China
- Yifei Ge
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected]; Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing, 100871, People’s Republic of China
- Wenyu Jiao
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected]; Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing, 100871, People’s Republic of China; Max Planck Institute for Astronomy , Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Qiuyi Luo
- ORCiD
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
- J.-W. Zhou
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Ken’ichi Tatematsu
- ORCiD
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Astronomical Science Program, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies , SOKENDAI, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
- James O. Chibueze
- ORCiD
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of South Africa , Cnr Christian de Wet Rd and Pioneer Avenue, Florida Park, 1709, Roodepoort, South Africa; Centre for Space Research, Physics Department, North-West University , Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria , Carver Building, 1 University Road, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
- Keyun Su
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected]
- Shenglan Sun
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected]
- I. Ristorcelli
- ORCiD
- Univ. Toulouse , CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. du colonel Roche, BP 44346, F-31028, Toulouse, France
- L. Viktor Toth
- ORCiD
- Eötvös University Budapest , Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Pazmany P.s. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; University of Debrecen , Faculty of Science and Technology, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/acfee5
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 270,
no. 1
p. 9
Abstract
The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Survey of Star Formation and Evolution in Massive Protoclusters with Blue Profiles (ASSEMBLE) aims to investigate the process of mass assembly and its connection to high-mass star formation theories in protoclusters in a dynamic view. We observed 11 massive ( M _clump ≳ 10 ^3 M _⊙ ), luminous ( L _bol ≳ 10 ^4 L _⊙ ), and blue-profile (infall signature) clumps by ALMA with resolution of ∼2200–5500 au (median value of 3500 au) at 350 GHz (870 μ m). We identified 248 dense cores, including 106 cores showing protostellar signatures and 142 prestellar core candidates. Compared to early stage infrared dark clouds (IRDCs) by ASHES, the core mass and surface density within the ASSEMBLE clumps exhibited a significant increment, suggesting concurrent core accretion during the evolution of the clumps. The maximum mass of prestellar cores was found to be 2 times larger than that in IRDCs, indicating that evolved protoclusters have the potential to harbor massive prestellar cores. The mass relation between clumps and their most massive core (MMCs) is observed in ASSEMBLE but not in IRDCs, which is suggested to be regulated by multiscale mass accretion. The mass correlation between the core clusters and their MMCs has a steeper slope compared to that observed in stellar clusters, which can be due to fragmentation of the MMC and stellar multiplicity. We observe a decrease in core separation and an increase in central concentration as protoclusters evolve. We confirm primordial mass segregation in the ASSEMBLE protoclusters, possibly resulting from gravitational concentration and/or gas accretion.
Keywords
