bwimage: A package to describe image patterns in natural structures [version 3; peer review: 2 approved]

Abstract

Currently R is the most popular software for data analyses among biologists. Here, we present bwimage, a package designed to describe patterns from black and white images. The package can be used for a wide range of applications. We implemented functions previously described in the literature to calculate parameters designed originally, but not exclusively, for vegetation structures. Additionally, we propose a new parameter: the aggregation index. We demonstrate applications for field work, providing examples that range from calculation of canopy openness, description of patterns in vertical vegetation structure, to patterns in bird nest structure. We provide advice and illustrated examples of how to produce high quality images for analyses.