A one health exploration of the reasons for low cocoa productivity in West Sulawesi

Abstract

We conducted an interdisciplinary One Health study of potential links between agricultural, health and associated livelihood factors on the livelihoods of smallholder cocoa-growing families in West Sulawesi. Our 2017 survey of 509 cocoa smallholder family members in 120 households in Polewali-Mandar District, West Sulawesi, Indonesia showed that farmers face many challenges to improving their livelihoods, including land management, agricultural practices, nutrition and human health, animal health, aging and demographic changes. Price fluctuations, limited access to capital and poor health deterred farmers from applying agricultural inputs and resulted in levels of low cocoa production (275 kg/annum per household). While market demand for live goats in the region is substantial and expected to increase, uptake of mixed farming with goats by smallholders was low. However, most households kept chickens. Bank accounts were held by 31% of households. Inadequate sanitation and unsafe water were reported in >50% households. Anthropometric measures showed that 42% of children under five years were significantly stunted and 32% of women were overweight. Joint, back pain and blurry vision were reported by 30% of adult respondents. High blood pressure contributed to complications in 20% of pregnancies. Primary health care provided by district health services mainly focuses on maternal and child health, leaving chronic health problems such as Type 2 diabetes, cataracts, arthritis and mental illness under-diagnosed, and if diagnosed, with inadequate treatment. Availability of food was a source of worry for 58% of households with 63% reporting limited food variety. Dietary diversity was low with an average of four out of ten food categories consumed in each household. Positive correlations were recorded for household cocoa productivity, land size, dietary diversity and perceptions that food availability and variety was sufficient. The results showed that an integrated One Health approach provides deep understanding of priority areas for improving livelihoods. Keywords: Cocoa smallholders, Productivity, Integrated health, One health, Chronic conditions, Nutrition, Food availability, Mixed farming