The Cryosphere (Jan 2024)
In situ estimation of ice crystal properties at the South Pole using LED calibration data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
- R. Abbasi,
- M. Ackermann,
- J. Adams,
- N. Aggarwal,
- J. Aguilar,
- M. Ahlers,
- M. Ahrens,
- J.-M. Alameddine,
- A. A. Alves Junior,
- N. M. B. Amin,
- K. Andeen,
- T. Anderson,
- T. Anderson,
- G. Anton,
- C. Argüelles,
- Y. Ashida,
- S. Athanasiadou,
- S. Axani,
- X. Bai,
- A. Balagopal V,
- M. Baricevic,
- S. Barwick,
- V. Basu,
- R. Bay,
- J. Beatty,
- J. Beatty,
- K. H. Becker,
- J. Becker Tjus,
- J. Beise,
- C. Bellenghi,
- S. Benda,
- S. BenZvi,
- D. Berley,
- E. Bernardini,
- D. Besson,
- G. Binder,
- G. Binder,
- D. Bindig,
- E. Blaufuss,
- S. Blot,
- F. Bontempo,
- J. Book,
- J. Borowka,
- C. Boscolo Meneguolo,
- S. Böser,
- O. Botner,
- J. Böttcher,
- E. Bourbeau,
- J. Braun,
- B. Brinson,
- J. Brostean-Kaiser,
- R. Burley,
- R. Busse,
- M. Campana,
- E. Carnie-Bronca,
- C. Chen,
- Z. Chen,
- D. Chirkin,
- K. Choi,
- B. Clark,
- L. Classen,
- A. Coleman,
- G. Collin,
- A. Connolly,
- A. Connolly,
- J. Conrad,
- P. Coppin,
- P. Correa,
- S. Countryman,
- D. Cowen,
- D. Cowen,
- R. Cross,
- C. Dappen,
- P. Dave,
- C. De Clercq,
- J. DeLaunay,
- D. Delgado López,
- H. Dembinski,
- K. Deoskar,
- A. Desai,
- P. Desiati,
- K. de Vries,
- G. de Wasseige,
- T. DeYoung,
- A. Diaz,
- J. C. Díaz-Vélez,
- M. Dittmer,
- H. Dujmovic,
- M. DuVernois,
- T. Ehrhardt,
- P. Eller,
- R. Engel,
- R. Engel,
- H. Erpenbeck,
- J. Evans,
- P. Evenson,
- K. L. Fan,
- A. Fazely,
- A. Fedynitch,
- N. Feigl,
- S. Fiedlschuster,
- A. Fienberg,
- C. Finley,
- L. Fischer,
- D. Fox,
- A. Franckowiak,
- E. Friedman,
- A. Fritz,
- P. Fürst,
- T. Gaisser,
- J. Gallagher,
- E. Ganster,
- A. Garcia,
- S. Garrappa,
- L. Gerhardt,
- A. Ghadimi,
- C. Glaser,
- T. Glüsenkamp,
- T. Glauch,
- N. Goehlke,
- J. Gonzalez,
- S. Goswami,
- D. Grant,
- S. Gray,
- T. Grégoire,
- S. Griswold,
- C. Günther,
- P. Gutjahr,
- C. Haack,
- A. Hallgren,
- R. Halliday,
- L. Halve,
- F. Halzen,
- H. Hamdaoui,
- M. Ha Minh,
- K. Hanson,
- J. Hardin,
- J. Hardin,
- A. Harnisch,
- P. Hatch,
- A. Haungs,
- K. Helbing,
- J. Hellrung,
- F. Henningsen,
- L. Heuermann,
- S. Hickford,
- C. Hill,
- G. Hill,
- K. Hoffman,
- K. Hoshina,
- K. Hoshina,
- W. Hou,
- T. Huber,
- K. Hultqvist,
- M. Hünnefeld,
- R. Hussain,
- K. Hymon,
- S. In,
- N. Iovine,
- A. Ishihara,
- M. Jansson,
- G. Japaridze,
- M. Jeong,
- M. Jin,
- B. Jones,
- D. Kang,
- W. Kang,
- X. Kang,
- A. Kappes,
- D. Kappesser,
- L. Kardum,
- T. Karg,
- M. Karl,
- A. Karle,
- U. Katz,
- M. Kauer,
- J. Kelley,
- A. Kheirandish,
- K. Kin,
- J. Kiryluk,
- S. Klein,
- S. Klein,
- A. Kochocki,
- R. Koirala,
- H. Kolanoski,
- T. Kontrimas,
- L. Köpke,
- C. Kopper,
- J. Koskinen,
- P. Koundal,
- M. Kovacevich,
- M. Kowalski,
- M. Kowalski,
- T. Kozynets,
- E. Krupczak,
- E. Kun,
- N. Kurahashi,
- N. Lad,
- C. Lagunas Gualda,
- M. Larson,
- F. Lauber,
- J. Lazar,
- J. Lazar,
- J. Lee,
- K. Leonard,
- A. Leszczyńska,
- M. Lincetto,
- Q. Liu,
- M. Liubarska,
- E. Lohfink,
- C. Love,
- C. J. Lozano Mariscal,
- L. Lu,
- F. Lucarelli,
- A. Ludwig,
- A. Ludwig,
- W. Luszczak,
- Y. Lyu,
- Y. Lyu,
- W. Y. Ma,
- J. Madsen,
- K. Mahn,
- Y. Makino,
- S. Mancina,
- W. Marie Sainte,
- I. Mariş,
- S. Marka,
- Z. Marka,
- M. Marsee,
- I. Martinez-Soler,
- R. Maruyama,
- T. McElroy,
- F. McNally,
- J. V. Mead,
- K. Meagher,
- S. Mechbal,
- A. Medina,
- M. Meier,
- S. Meighen-Berger,
- Y. Merckx,
- J. Micallef,
- D. Mockler,
- T. Montaruli,
- R. Moore,
- B. Morse,
- M. Moulai,
- T. Mukherjee,
- R. Naab,
- R. Nagai,
- U. Naumann,
- A. Nayerhoda,
- J. Necker,
- M. Neumann,
- H. Niederhausen,
- M. Nisa,
- S. Nowicki,
- A. Obertacke Pollmann,
- M. Oehler,
- B. Oeyen,
- A. Olivas,
- R. Orsoe,
- J. Osborn,
- E. O'Sullivan,
- H. Pandya,
- D. Pankova,
- N. Park,
- G. Parker,
- E. N. Paudel,
- L. Paul,
- C. Pérez de los Heros,
- L. Peters,
- J. Peterson,
- S. Philippen,
- S. Pieper,
- A. Pizzuto,
- M. Plum,
- Y. Popovych,
- A. Porcelli,
- M. Prado Rodriguez,
- B. Pries,
- R. Procter-Murphy,
- G. Przybylski,
- C. Raab,
- J. Rack-Helleis,
- M. Rameez,
- K. Rawlins,
- Z. Rechav,
- A. Rehman,
- P. Reichherzer,
- G. Renzi,
- E. Resconi,
- S. Reusch,
- W. Rhode,
- M. Richman,
- B. Riedel,
- E. Roberts,
- S. Robertson,
- S. Robertson,
- S. Rodan,
- G. Roellinghoff,
- M. Rongen,
- M. Rongen,
- C. Rott,
- C. Rott,
- T. Ruhe,
- L. Ruohan,
- D. Ryckbosch,
- D. Rysewyk Cantu,
- I. Safa,
- I. Safa,
- J. Saffer,
- D. Salazar-Gallegos,
- P. Sampathkumar,
- S. Sanchez Herrera,
- A. Sandrock,
- M. Santander,
- S. Sarkar,
- S. Sarkar,
- M. Schaufel,
- H. Schieler,
- S. Schindler,
- B. Schlüter,
- T. Schmidt,
- J. Schneider,
- F. Schröder,
- F. Schröder,
- L. Schumacher,
- G. Schwefer,
- S. Sclafani,
- D. Seckel,
- S. Seunarine,
- A. Sharma,
- S. Shefali,
- N. Shimizu,
- M. Silva,
- B. Skrzypek,
- B. Smithers,
- R. Snihur,
- J. Soedingrekso,
- A. Søgaard,
- D. Soldin,
- C. Spannfellner,
- G. Spiczak,
- C. Spiering,
- M. Stamatikos,
- T. Stanev,
- R. Stein,
- T. Stezelberger,
- T. Stürwald,
- T. Stuttard,
- G. Sullivan,
- I. Taboada,
- S. Ter-Antonyan,
- W. Thompson,
- J. Thwaites,
- S. Tilav,
- K. Tollefson,
- C. Tönnis,
- S. Toscano,
- D. Tosi,
- A. Trettin,
- C. F. Tung,
- R. Turcotte,
- J. P. Twagirayezu,
- B. Ty,
- M. Unland Elorrieta,
- K. Upshaw,
- N. Valtonen-Mattila,
- J. Vandenbroucke,
- N. van Eijndhoven,
- D. Vannerom,
- J. van Santen,
- J. Vara,
- J. Veitch-Michaelis,
- S. Verpoest,
- D. Veske,
- C. Walck,
- W. Wang,
- T. B. Watson,
- C. Weaver,
- P. Weigel,
- A. Weindl,
- J. Weldert,
- C. Wendt,
- J. Werthebach,
- M. Weyrauch,
- N. Whitehorn,
- N. Whitehorn,
- C. Wiebusch,
- N. Willey,
- D. Williams,
- M. Wolf,
- G. Wrede,
- J. Wulff,
- X. Xu,
- J. P. Yanez,
- E. Yildizci,
- S. Yoshida,
- S. Yu,
- T. Yuan,
- Z. Zhang,
- P. Zhelnin
Affiliations
- R. Abbasi
- Department of Physics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA
- M. Ackermann
- DESY, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- J. Adams
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
- N. Aggarwal
- Dept. of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
- J. Aguilar
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- M. Ahlers
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- M. Ahrens
- Oskar Klein Centre and Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- J.-M. Alameddine
- Dept. of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
- A. A. Alves Junior
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- N. M. B. Amin
- Bartol Research Institute and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- K. Andeen
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
- T. Anderson
- Dept. of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- T. Anderson
- Dept. of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- G. Anton
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen–Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- C. Argüelles
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Y. Ashida
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- S. Athanasiadou
- DESY, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- S. Axani
- Dept. of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- X. Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
- A. Balagopal V
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- M. Baricevic
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- S. Barwick
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- V. Basu
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- R. Bay
- Dept. of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. Beatty
- Dept. of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- J. Beatty
- Dept. of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- K. H. Becker
- Dept. of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
- J. Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- J. Beise
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- C. Bellenghi
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- S. Benda
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- S. BenZvi
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- D. Berley
- Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- E. Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Università Degli Studi di Padova, 35122 Padova PD, Italy
- D. Besson
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- G. Binder
- Dept. of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- G. Binder
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- D. Bindig
- Dept. of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
- E. Blaufuss
- Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- S. Blot
- DESY, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- F. Bontempo
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- J. Book
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- J. Borowka
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- C. Boscolo Meneguolo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Università Degli Studi di Padova, 35122 Padova PD, Italy
- S. Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- O. Botner
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- J. Böttcher
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- E. Bourbeau
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- J. Braun
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- B. Brinson
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- J. Brostean-Kaiser
- DESY, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- R. Burley
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- R. Busse
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- M. Campana
- Dept. of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- E. Carnie-Bronca
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- C. Chen
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Z. Chen
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USA
- D. Chirkin
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- K. Choi
- Dept. of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- B. Clark
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- L. Classen
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- A. Coleman
- Bartol Research Institute and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- G. Collin
- Dept. of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- A. Connolly
- Dept. of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- A. Connolly
- Dept. of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- J. Conrad
- Dept. of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- P. Coppin
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- P. Correa
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- S. Countryman
- Columbia Astrophysics and Nevis Laboratories, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- D. Cowen
- Dept. of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- D. Cowen
- Dept. of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- R. Cross
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- C. Dappen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- P. Dave
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- C. De Clercq
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- J. DeLaunay
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
- D. Delgado López
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- H. Dembinski
- Bartol Research Institute and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- K. Deoskar
- Oskar Klein Centre and Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- A. Desai
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- P. Desiati
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- K. de Vries
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- G. de Wasseige
- Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology – CP3, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- T. DeYoung
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- A. Diaz
- Dept. of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- J. C. Díaz-Vélez
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- M. Dittmer
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- H. Dujmovic
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- M. DuVernois
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- T. Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- P. Eller
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- R. Engel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- R. Engel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- H. Erpenbeck
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- J. Evans
- Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- P. Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- K. L. Fan
- Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- A. Fazely
- Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
- A. Fedynitch
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- N. Feigl
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- S. Fiedlschuster
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen–Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- A. Fienberg
- Dept. of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- C. Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- L. Fischer
- DESY, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- D. Fox
- Dept. of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- A. Franckowiak
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- E. Friedman
- Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- A. Fritz
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- P. Fürst
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- T. Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- J. Gallagher
- Dept. of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- E. Ganster
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- A. Garcia
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- S. Garrappa
- DESY, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- L. Gerhardt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- A. Ghadimi
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
- C. Glaser
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- T. Glüsenkamp
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- T. Glauch
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen–Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- N. Goehlke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- J. Gonzalez
- Bartol Research Institute and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- S. Goswami
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
- D. Grant
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- S. Gray
- Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- T. Grégoire
- Dept. of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- S. Griswold
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- C. Günther
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- P. Gutjahr
- Dept. of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
- C. Haack
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- A. Hallgren
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- R. Halliday
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- L. Halve
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- F. Halzen
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- H. Hamdaoui
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USA
- M. Ha Minh
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- K. Hanson
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- J. Hardin
- Dept. of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- J. Hardin
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- A. Harnisch
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- P. Hatch
- Dept. of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- A. Haungs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- K. Helbing
- Dept. of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
- J. Hellrung
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- F. Henningsen
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- L. Heuermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- S. Hickford
- Dept. of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
- C. Hill
- Dept. of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- G. Hill
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- K. Hoffman
- Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- K. Hoshina
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- K. Hoshina
- also at: Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
- W. Hou
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- T. Huber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- K. Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- M. Hünnefeld
- Dept. of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
- R. Hussain
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- K. Hymon
- Dept. of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
- S. In
- Dept. of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- N. Iovine
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- A. Ishihara
- Dept. of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- M. Jansson
- Oskar Klein Centre and Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- G. Japaridze
- CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
- M. Jeong
- Dept. of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- M. Jin
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- B. Jones
- Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- D. Kang
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- W. Kang
- Dept. of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- X. Kang
- Dept. of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- A. Kappes
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- D. Kappesser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- L. Kardum
- Dept. of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
- T. Karg
- DESY, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- M. Karl
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- A. Karle
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- U. Katz
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen–Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- M. Kauer
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- J. Kelley
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- A. Kheirandish
- Dept. of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- K. Kin
- Dept. of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- J. Kiryluk
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USA
- S. Klein
- Dept. of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- S. Klein
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- A. Kochocki
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- R. Koirala
- Bartol Research Institute and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- H. Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- T. Kontrimas
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- L. Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- C. Kopper
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- J. Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- P. Koundal
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- M. Kovacevich
- Dept. of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- M. Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- M. Kowalski
- DESY, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- T. Kozynets
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- E. Krupczak
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- E. Kun
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- N. Kurahashi
- Dept. of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- N. Lad
- DESY, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- C. Lagunas Gualda
- DESY, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- M. Larson
- Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- F. Lauber
- Dept. of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
- J. Lazar
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- J. Lazar
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- J. Lee
- Dept. of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- K. Leonard
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- A. Leszczyńska
- Bartol Research Institute and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- M. Lincetto
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Q. Liu
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- M. Liubarska
- Dept. of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
- E. Lohfink
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- C. Love
- Dept. of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- C. J. Lozano Mariscal
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- L. Lu
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- F. Lucarelli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
- A. Ludwig
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- A. Ludwig
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- W. Luszczak
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Y. Lyu
- Dept. of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Y. Lyu
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- W. Y. Ma
- DESY, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- J. Madsen
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- K. Mahn
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Y. Makino
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- S. Mancina
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- W. Marie Sainte
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- I. Mariş
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- S. Marka
- Columbia Astrophysics and Nevis Laboratories, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Z. Marka
- Columbia Astrophysics and Nevis Laboratories, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- M. Marsee
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
- I. Martinez-Soler
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- R. Maruyama
- Dept. of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- T. McElroy
- Dept. of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
- F. McNally
- Department of Physics, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207-0001, USA
- J. V. Mead
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- K. Meagher
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- S. Mechbal
- DESY, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- A. Medina
- Dept. of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- M. Meier
- Dept. of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- S. Meighen-Berger
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Y. Merckx
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- J. Micallef
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- D. Mockler
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- T. Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
- R. Moore
- Dept. of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
- B. Morse
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- M. Moulai
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- T. Mukherjee
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- R. Naab
- DESY, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- R. Nagai
- Dept. of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- U. Naumann
- Dept. of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
- A. Nayerhoda
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Università Degli Studi di Padova, 35122 Padova PD, Italy
- J. Necker
- DESY, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- M. Neumann
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- H. Niederhausen
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- M. Nisa
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- S. Nowicki
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- A. Obertacke Pollmann
- Dept. of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
- M. Oehler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- B. Oeyen
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- A. Olivas
- Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- R. Orsoe
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- J. Osborn
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- E. O'Sullivan
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- H. Pandya
- Bartol Research Institute and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- D. Pankova
- Dept. of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- N. Park
- Dept. of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- G. Parker
- Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- E. N. Paudel
- Bartol Research Institute and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- L. Paul
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
- C. Pérez de los Heros
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- L. Peters
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- J. Peterson
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- S. Philippen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- S. Pieper
- Dept. of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
- A. Pizzuto
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- M. Plum
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
- Y. Popovych
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- A. Porcelli
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- M. Prado Rodriguez
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- B. Pries
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- R. Procter-Murphy
- Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- G. Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- C. Raab
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- J. Rack-Helleis
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- M. Rameez
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- K. Rawlins
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
- Z. Rechav
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- A. Rehman
- Bartol Research Institute and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- P. Reichherzer
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- G. Renzi
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- E. Resconi
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- S. Reusch
- DESY, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- W. Rhode
- Dept. of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
- M. Richman
- Dept. of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- B. Riedel
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- E. Roberts
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- S. Robertson
- Dept. of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- S. Robertson
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- S. Rodan
- Dept. of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- G. Roellinghoff
- Dept. of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- M. Rongen
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen–Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- M. Rongen
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- C. Rott
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- C. Rott
- Dept. of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- T. Ruhe
- Dept. of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
- L. Ruohan
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- D. Ryckbosch
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- D. Rysewyk Cantu
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- I. Safa
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- I. Safa
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- J. Saffer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- D. Salazar-Gallegos
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- P. Sampathkumar
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- S. Sanchez Herrera
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- A. Sandrock
- Dept. of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
- M. Santander
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
- S. Sarkar
- Dept. of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
- S. Sarkar
- Dept. of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
- M. Schaufel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- H. Schieler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- S. Schindler
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen–Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- B. Schlüter
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- T. Schmidt
- Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- J. Schneider
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen–Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- F. Schröder
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- F. Schröder
- Bartol Research Institute and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- L. Schumacher
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- G. Schwefer
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- S. Sclafani
- Dept. of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- D. Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- S. Seunarine
- Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022, USA
- A. Sharma
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- S. Shefali
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- N. Shimizu
- Dept. of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- M. Silva
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- B. Skrzypek
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- B. Smithers
- Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- R. Snihur
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- J. Soedingrekso
- Dept. of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
- A. Søgaard
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- D. Soldin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- C. Spannfellner
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- G. Spiczak
- Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022, USA
- C. Spiering
- DESY, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- M. Stamatikos
- Dept. of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- T. Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- R. Stein
- DESY, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- T. Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- T. Stürwald
- Dept. of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
- T. Stuttard
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- G. Sullivan
- Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- I. Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- S. Ter-Antonyan
- Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
- W. Thompson
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- J. Thwaites
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- S. Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- K. Tollefson
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- C. Tönnis
- Institute of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- S. Toscano
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- D. Tosi
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- A. Trettin
- DESY, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- C. F. Tung
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- R. Turcotte
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- J. P. Twagirayezu
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- B. Ty
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- M. Unland Elorrieta
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- K. Upshaw
- Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
- N. Valtonen-Mattila
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- J. Vandenbroucke
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- N. van Eijndhoven
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- D. Vannerom
- Dept. of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- J. van Santen
- DESY, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- J. Vara
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- J. Veitch-Michaelis
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- S. Verpoest
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- D. Veske
- Columbia Astrophysics and Nevis Laboratories, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- C. Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- W. Wang
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- T. B. Watson
- Dept. of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- C. Weaver
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- P. Weigel
- Dept. of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- A. Weindl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- J. Weldert
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- C. Wendt
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- J. Werthebach
- Dept. of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
- M. Weyrauch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- N. Whitehorn
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- N. Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- C. Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- N. Willey
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- D. Williams
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
- M. Wolf
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- G. Wrede
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen–Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- J. Wulff
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- X. Xu
- Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
- J. P. Yanez
- Dept. of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
- E. Yildizci
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- S. Yoshida
- Dept. of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- S. Yu
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- T. Yuan
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Z. Zhang
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USA
- P. Zhelnin
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-75-2024
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 18
pp. 75 – 102
Abstract
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory instruments about 1 km3 of deep, glacial ice at the geographic South Pole. It uses 5160 photomultipliers to detect Cherenkov light emitted by charged relativistic particles. An unexpected light propagation effect observed by the experiment is an anisotropic attenuation, which is aligned with the local flow direction of the ice. We examine birefringent light propagation through the polycrystalline ice microstructure as a possible explanation for this effect. The predictions of a first-principles model developed for this purpose, in particular curved light trajectories resulting from asymmetric diffusion, provide a qualitatively good match to the main features of the data. This in turn allows us to deduce ice crystal properties. Since the wavelength of the detected light is short compared to the crystal size, these crystal properties include not only the crystal orientation fabric, but also the average crystal size and shape, as a function of depth. By adding small empirical corrections to this first-principles model, a quantitatively accurate description of the optical properties of the IceCube glacial ice is obtained. In this paper, we present the experimental signature of ice optical anisotropy observed in IceCube light-emitting diode (LED) calibration data, the theory and parameterization of the birefringence effect, the fitting procedures of these parameterizations to experimental data, and the inferred crystal properties.
