Heliyon (Sep 2024)
Heavy metals and metalloid contamination and risk evaluation in the surface sediment of the Bakkhali River estuary in Bangladesh
Abstract
Current state of contamination and subsequent risk of contaminated sediment of a tidal river of Bangladesh was evaluated in the present study. Sediment samples were collected from five locations in the tributary of Bakkhali River estuary during summer (April) and winter (December) season, 2020. Collected samples were processed using standard protocol and the content of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) and metalloid (As), were analyzed by the Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. Sediment contamination was evaluated by pollution load index (PLI), contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (Cd), potential ecological risk index (PERI), non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk (CR) due to the dermal contact of the sediment. Multivariate statistical analysis such as principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were also applied to find out the possible sources of the contaminant in the sediment. Results showed the average concentration of As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu and Zn was 9.74 ± 3.57, 2.00 ± 0.85, 48.75 ± 8.92, 29.78 ± 8.39, 5.44 ± 2.03 and 56.94 ± 8.57 mg/kg, respectively. Concentration of Cu, Pb and Zn were within the recommended level whereas the concentration of As, Cd and Cr were suppressed the recommended level of WHO and FAO/WHO standards. PLI, CF and Cd revealed considerably low degree of contamination of the sediment. Geo-accumulation index indicated uncontaminated to moderately contaminated condition of the sediment. Although the values of enrichment factor revealed no potential enrichment for most of the metals, Cd showed a minor enrichment during the winter season. Based on the ecological risk assessment, the sediment from all of the sample locations was found to be of moderate to low risk. PCA and CA analysis revealed the origin of contaminants mainly from anthropogenic sources. Although different metals showed non-carcinogenic risk to the inhabitants, cancer risk values for dermal contact (CRderm) were much lower than 10−6 indicating no cancer risk for adult and child. However, the findings also revealed that children were more susceptible to CRderm compared to adults. The present study concluded that long term dermal contact of the sediment of Bakkhali River estuary will be contagious to the people. Therefore, regular monitoring of the estuarine environment is necessary so that contamination does not get worse.
