The role of acceleration, maximum velocity, and speed endurance in sprint performance

Abstract

Introduction: Sprint performance is governed by the interplay of acceleration, maximum velocity, and speed endurance. Although these components have been studied independently, their combined influence on 100m and 400m performance remains underexplored. A comprehensive understanding of their interdependence is critical for refining evidence-based training strategies. Objective: This study investigates the relative contributions of acceleration, maximum velocity, and speed endurance to sprint performance in elite and sub-elite athletes, aiming to inform optimized training interventions for both short- and long-distance sprints. Methodology: Thirty competitive sprinters participated in a 12-week longitudinal training intervention. Biomechanical assessments included high-speed motion capture and laser timing systems to evaluate acceleration time, peak velocity, and speed endurance (assessed via repeated sprint decrement). Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses were employed to identify associations between these variables and sprint outcomes. Results: Acceleration was strongly associated with 100m performance (r = -0.84, p < 0.001), while maximum velocity contributed significantly to performance across both sprint distances. In 400m events, speed endurance emerged as the primary determinant of performance (r = -0.79, p < 0.001). Athletes demonstrating balanced development across all three components achieved the most significant performance gains. Discussion: The findings align with previous biomechanical and physiological research on sprinting but underscore the need for integrated training approaches targeting all performance domains simultaneously. Conclusion: Acceleration and maximum velocity are key determinants of 100m success, whereas speed endurance is critical for 400m performance. These results highlight the importance of individualized, multidimensional training frameworks. Future research should examine long-term neuromuscular adaptations and periodized strategies to optimize sprint performance.

Keywords

• Sprint performance
• acceleration
• maximum velocity
• speed endurance
• biomechanics
• sprint training