هنر و تمدن شرق (Sep 2024)
A Review of Evolution in Façade of Contemporary Houses in Iran Inspired by European Architecture (Case Study: Houses of Pahlavi Period in Urmia)
Abstract
Architecture is a factor in society that reveals the evolution process. Like any other discipline, architecture in Iran has experienced many changes relying on the evolutions that occurred in various aspects of the society. Such changes are more highlighted in the contemporary era after modernity found its way to Iran and influence of the Europe during the Pahlavi era. Architectural evolutions in residential buildings, especially in the houses built during the Pahlavi period have been shaped and adopted from European architecture. The façade of buildings is one of the dimensions of architectural design its visual components have been considerably changed. This study reviews the evolution process in the façade of contemporary houses in Iran under the influence of European architecture with emphasis on the residential houses of the Pahlavi period in Urmia. This paper also addresses the influence of European architecture in changing the structures and detailing of studied houses’ façades. The descriptive-analytical method was used in this study for literature review and examination of elements and patterns adopted in the façades of residential houses in Urmia during the Pahlavi Period. The statistical society comprised 16 façades of residential houses in Urmia that were selected for analysis through purposive technique. According to the results obtained from analyses, building form and decorations have been more influenced by European architecture among the investigated components of building form, decorations, and materials. The most significant changes include conversion from symmetric to asymmetric façade, change in the central location of the entrance gate, size and shape of windows and change in materials, the existence of a columned porch in early periods and its removal in the next years, change in the type of buildings’ ceiling, location of balcony in the wall of street-facing façade in late buildings as a symbol of extroversion.
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