Combined effect of carbon surface area and sodium lignosulfonate interaction in lead-acid batteries: microstructural and electrochemical aspects

Abstract

Abstract Energy storage is essential for advancing green energy solutions, with the lead-acid battery market expected to grow by 4.4 percent a year until 2029, reaching USD 58.65 billion. Lithium-ion batteries, although predominant, face challenges such as cost, stability, safety, and environmental impacts, including a lack of efficient recycling. On the other hand, lead-acid batteries, with a 99 percent recycling rate in the US, offer a more sustainable option. Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) play a crucial role in fuel economy and pollutant reduction, requiring batteries with good dynamic charge acceptance. Problems such as sulphation in lead batteries are mitigated with additives such as carbon and sodium lignosulphonate, which improve performance. This study focuses on optimizing the composition of battery pastes, maximizing charge acceptance by analyzing the interaction between carbon and sodium lignosulphonate, to improve the efficiency and competitiveness of lead-acid batteries by evaluating their electrochemical and electrical properties.

Keywords

• Dynamic Charge Acceptance
• Lead-acid battery
• Energy storage
• Carbon black
• Specific Surface area