European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields (Nov 2022)
An approximate likelihood for nuclear recoil searches with XENON1T data
- E. Aprile,
- K. Abe,
- F. Agostini,
- S. Ahmed Maouloud,
- M. Alfonsi,
- L. Althueser,
- B. Andrieu,
- E. Angelino,
- J. R. Angevaare,
- V. C. Antochi,
- D. Antón Martin,
- F. Arneodo,
- L. Baudis,
- A. L. Baxter,
- L. Bellagamba,
- R. Biondi,
- A. Bismark,
- A. Brown,
- S. Bruenner,
- G. Bruno,
- R. Budnik,
- C. Capelli,
- J. M. R. Cardoso,
- D. Cichon,
- B. Cimmino,
- M. Clark,
- A. P. Colijn,
- J. Conrad,
- J. J. Cuenca-García,
- J. P. Cussonneau,
- V. D’Andrea,
- M. P. Decowski,
- P. Di Gangi,
- S. Di Pede,
- A. Di Giovanni,
- R. Di Stefano,
- S. Diglio,
- A. Elykov,
- S. Farrell,
- A. D. Ferella,
- H. Fischer,
- W. Fulgione,
- P. Gaemers,
- R. Gaior,
- M. Galloway,
- F. Gao,
- R. Glade-Beucke,
- L. Grandi,
- J. Grigat,
- A. Higuera,
- C. Hils,
- L. Hoetzsch,
- J. Howlett,
- M. Iacovacci,
- Y. Itow,
- J. Jakob,
- F. Joerg,
- A. Joy,
- N. Kato,
- P. Kavrigin,
- S. Kazama,
- M. Kobayashi,
- G. Koltman,
- A. Kopec,
- H. Landsman,
- R. F. Lang,
- L. Levinson,
- I. Li,
- S. Li,
- S. Liang,
- S. Lindemann,
- M. Lindner,
- K. Liu,
- F. Lombardi,
- J. Long,
- J. A. M. Lopes,
- Y. Ma,
- C. Macolino,
- J. Mahlstedt,
- A. Mancuso,
- L. Manenti,
- A. Manfredini,
- F. Marignetti,
- T. Marrodán Undagoitia,
- K. Martens,
- J. Masbou,
- D. Masson,
- E. Masson,
- S. Mastroianni,
- M. Messina,
- K. Miuchi,
- K. Mizukoshi,
- A. Molinario,
- S. Moriyama,
- K. Morå,
- Y. Mosbacher,
- M. Murra,
- J. Müller,
- K. Ni,
- U. Oberlack,
- B. Paetsch,
- J. Palacio,
- R. Peres,
- J. Pienaar,
- M. Pierre,
- V. Pizzella,
- G. Plante,
- J. Qi,
- J. Qin,
- D. Ramírez García,
- S. Reichard,
- A. Rocchetti,
- N. Rupp,
- L. Sanchez,
- J. M. F. dos Santos,
- G. Sartorelli,
- J. Schreiner,
- D. Schulte,
- P. Schulte,
- H. Schulze Eißing,
- M. Schumann,
- L. Scotto Lavina,
- M. Selvi,
- F. Semeria,
- P. Shagin,
- S. Shi,
- E. Shockley,
- M. Silva,
- H. Simgen,
- A. Takeda,
- P. L. Tan,
- A. Terliuk,
- D. Thers,
- F. Toschi,
- G. Trinchero,
- C. Tunnell,
- F. Tönnies,
- K. Valerius,
- G. Volta,
- Y. Wei,
- C. Weinheimer,
- M. Weiss,
- D. Wenz,
- C. Wittweg,
- T. Wolf,
- Z. Xu,
- M. Yamashita,
- L. Yang,
- J. Ye,
- L. Yuan,
- G. Zavattini,
- Y. Zhang,
- M. Zhong,
- T. Zhu,
- XENON Collaboration
Affiliations
- E. Aprile
- Physics Department, Columbia University
- K. Abe
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo
- F. Agostini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna
- S. Ahmed Maouloud
- LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3
- M. Alfonsi
- Institut für Physik and Exzellenzcluster PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
- L. Althueser
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- B. Andrieu
- LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3
- E. Angelino
- INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Torino, Department of Physics, University of Torino and INFN-Torino
- J. R. Angevaare
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam
- V. C. Antochi
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova
- D. Antón Martin
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago
- F. Arneodo
- New York University Abu Dhabi-Center for Astro, Particle and Planetary Physics
- L. Baudis
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich
- A. L. Baxter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University
- L. Bellagamba
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna
- R. Biondi
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute
- A. Bismark
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich
- A. Brown
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg
- S. Bruenner
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam
- G. Bruno
- New York University Abu Dhabi-Center for Astro, Particle and Planetary Physics
- R. Budnik
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science
- C. Capelli
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich
- J. M. R. Cardoso
- LIBPhys, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra
- D. Cichon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
- B. Cimmino
- Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University of Napoli and INFN-Napoli
- M. Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University
- A. P. Colijn
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam
- J. Conrad
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova
- J. J. Cuenca-García
- Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- J. P. Cussonneau
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Nantes
- V. D’Andrea
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute
- M. P. Decowski
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam
- P. Di Gangi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna
- S. Di Pede
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam
- A. Di Giovanni
- New York University Abu Dhabi-Center for Astro, Particle and Planetary Physics
- R. Di Stefano
- Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University of Napoli and INFN-Napoli
- S. Diglio
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Nantes
- A. Elykov
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg
- S. Farrell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University
- A. D. Ferella
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute
- H. Fischer
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg
- W. Fulgione
- INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Torino, Department of Physics, University of Torino and INFN-Torino
- P. Gaemers
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam
- R. Gaior
- LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3
- M. Galloway
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich
- F. Gao
- Department of Physics and Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University
- R. Glade-Beucke
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg
- L. Grandi
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago
- J. Grigat
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg
- A. Higuera
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University
- C. Hils
- Institut für Physik and Exzellenzcluster PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
- L. Hoetzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
- J. Howlett
- Physics Department, Columbia University
- M. Iacovacci
- Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University of Napoli and INFN-Napoli
- Y. Itow
- Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, and Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University
- J. Jakob
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- F. Joerg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
- A. Joy
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova
- N. Kato
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo
- P. Kavrigin
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science
- S. Kazama
- Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, and Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University
- M. Kobayashi
- Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, and Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University
- G. Koltman
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science
- A. Kopec
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego
- H. Landsman
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science
- R. F. Lang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University
- L. Levinson
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science
- I. Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University
- S. Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University
- S. Liang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University
- S. Lindemann
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg
- M. Lindner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
- K. Liu
- Department of Physics and Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University
- F. Lombardi
- Institut für Physik and Exzellenzcluster PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
- J. Long
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago
- J. A. M. Lopes
- LIBPhys, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra
- Y. Ma
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego
- C. Macolino
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute
- J. Mahlstedt
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova
- A. Mancuso
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna
- L. Manenti
- New York University Abu Dhabi-Center for Astro, Particle and Planetary Physics
- A. Manfredini
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich
- F. Marignetti
- Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University of Napoli and INFN-Napoli
- T. Marrodán Undagoitia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
- K. Martens
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo
- J. Masbou
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Nantes
- D. Masson
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg
- E. Masson
- LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3
- S. Mastroianni
- Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University of Napoli and INFN-Napoli
- M. Messina
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute
- K. Miuchi
- Department of Physics, Kobe University
- K. Mizukoshi
- Department of Physics, Kobe University
- A. Molinario
- INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Torino, Department of Physics, University of Torino and INFN-Torino
- S. Moriyama
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo
- K. Morå
- Physics Department, Columbia University
- Y. Mosbacher
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science
- M. Murra
- Physics Department, Columbia University
- J. Müller
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg
- K. Ni
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego
- U. Oberlack
- Institut für Physik and Exzellenzcluster PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
- B. Paetsch
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science
- J. Palacio
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
- R. Peres
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich
- J. Pienaar
- Physics Department, Columbia University
- M. Pierre
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Nantes
- V. Pizzella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
- G. Plante
- Physics Department, Columbia University
- J. Qi
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego
- J. Qin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University
- D. Ramírez García
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich
- S. Reichard
- Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- A. Rocchetti
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg
- N. Rupp
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
- L. Sanchez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University
- J. M. F. dos Santos
- LIBPhys, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra
- G. Sartorelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna
- J. Schreiner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
- D. Schulte
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- P. Schulte
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- H. Schulze Eißing
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- M. Schumann
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg
- L. Scotto Lavina
- LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3
- M. Selvi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna
- F. Semeria
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna
- P. Shagin
- Institut für Physik and Exzellenzcluster PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
- S. Shi
- Physics Department, Columbia University
- E. Shockley
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego
- M. Silva
- LIBPhys, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra
- H. Simgen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
- A. Takeda
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo
- P. L. Tan
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova
- A. Terliuk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
- D. Thers
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Nantes
- F. Toschi
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg
- G. Trinchero
- INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Torino, Department of Physics, University of Torino and INFN-Torino
- C. Tunnell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University
- F. Tönnies
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg
- K. Valerius
- Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- G. Volta
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich
- Y. Wei
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego
- C. Weinheimer
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- M. Weiss
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science
- D. Wenz
- Institut für Physik and Exzellenzcluster PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
- C. Wittweg
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich
- T. Wolf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
- Z. Xu
- Physics Department, Columbia University
- M. Yamashita
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo
- L. Yang
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego
- J. Ye
- Physics Department, Columbia University
- L. Yuan
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago
- G. Zavattini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna
- Y. Zhang
- Physics Department, Columbia University
- M. Zhong
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego
- T. Zhu
- Physics Department, Columbia University
- XENON Collaboration
- Physics Department, Columbia University
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10913-w
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 82,
no. 11
pp. 1 – 10
Abstract
Abstract The XENON collaboration has published stringent limits on specific dark matter – nucleon recoil spectra from dark matter recoiling on the liquid xenon detector target. In this paper, we present an approximate likelihood for the XENON1T 1 t-year nuclear recoil search applicable to any nuclear recoil spectrum. Alongside this paper, we publish data and code to compute upper limits using the method we present. The approximate likelihood is constructed in bins of reconstructed energy, profiled along the signal expectation in each bin. This approach can be used to compute an approximate likelihood and therefore most statistical results for any nuclear recoil spectrum. Computing approximate results with this method is approximately three orders of magnitude faster than the likelihood used in the original publications of XENON1T, where limits were set for specific families of recoil spectra. Using this same method, we include toy Monte Carlo simulation-derived binwise likelihoods for the upcoming XENONnT experiment that can similarly be used to assess the sensitivity to arbitrary nuclear recoil signatures in its eventual 20 t-year exposure.
