Current Challenges of Vaccination in Fish Health Management
Avnish Kumar,
Sushil Kumar Middha,
Soumya Vettiyatil Menon,
Biswaranjan Paital,
Shyam Gokarn,
Meghana Nelli,
Rakshith Bangalore Rajanikanth,
Harish Mani Chandra,
Susithra Priyadarshni Mugunthan,
Sanwar Mal Kantwa,
Talambedu Usha,
Akshaya Kumar Hati,
Divyadharshini Venkatesan,
Abira Rajendran,
Tapas Ranjan Behera,
Swarupa Venkatesamurthy,
Dipak Kumar Sahoo
Affiliations
Avnish Kumar
Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Agra 282004, India
Sushil Kumar Middha
Department of Biotechnology, Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College for Women, 18th Cross, Malleswaram, Bangalore 560012, India
Soumya Vettiyatil Menon
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Jain University, #34 JC Road, Bangalore 560027, India
Biswaranjan Paital
Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, India
Shyam Gokarn
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Jain University, #34 JC Road, Bangalore 560027, India
Meghana Nelli
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Jain University, #34 JC Road, Bangalore 560027, India
Rakshith Bangalore Rajanikanth
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Jain University, #34 JC Road, Bangalore 560027, India
Harish Mani Chandra
Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore 632115, India
Susithra Priyadarshni Mugunthan
Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore 632115, India
Sanwar Mal Kantwa
Department of Zoology, B. S. Memorial P.G. College, NH 52, Ranoli, Sikar 332403, India
Talambedu Usha
Department of Biochemistry, Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College for Women, 18th Cross, Malleswaram, Bangalore 560012, India
Akshaya Kumar Hati
Dr. Abhin Chandra Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Homeopathic College Rd., Unit 3, Kharvela Nagar, Bhubaneswar 751001, India
Divyadharshini Venkatesan
Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore 632115, India
Abira Rajendran
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Jain University, #34 JC Road, Bangalore 560027, India
Tapas Ranjan Behera
Department of Community Medicine, Fakir Mohan Medical College and Hospital, Januganj Rd., Kalidaspur, Balia, Balasore 756019, India
Swarupa Venkatesamurthy
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Jain University, #34 JC Road, Bangalore 560027, India
Dipak Kumar Sahoo
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
Vaccination is an essential method of immunological preventive care required for the health management of all animals, including fish. More particularly, immunization is necessary for in-land aquaculture to manage diseases in fish broodstocks and healthy seed production. According to the latest statistics in 2020, 90.3 million tons of capture fishery production was achieved from the aquaculture sector. Out of the above, 78.8 million tons were from marine water aquaculture sectors, and 11.5 million tons were from inland water aquaculture sectors. About a 4% decline in fish production was achieved in 2020 in comparison to 2018 from inland aquaculture sectors. On the other hand, the digestive protein content, healthy fats, and nutritional values of fish products are comparatively more affordable than in other meat sources. In 2014, about 10% of aquatic cultured animals were lost (costing global annual losses > USD 10 billion) due to infectious diseases. Therefore, vaccination in fish, especially in broodstocks, is one of the essential approaches to stop such losses in the aquaculture sector. Fish vaccines consist of whole-killed pathogens, protein subunits, recombinant proteins, DNA, or live-attenuated vaccines. Challenges persist in the adaption of vaccination in the aquaculture sector, the route of administration, the use of effective adjuvants, and, most importantly, the lack of effective results. The use of autogenous vaccines; vaccination via intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or oral routes; and, most importantly, adding vaccines in feed using top dressing methods or as a constituent in fish feed are now emerging. These methods will lower the risk of using antibiotics in cultured water by reducing environmental contamination.