Environment International (Dec 2024)
Source apportionment of ultrafine particles in urban Europe
- Meritxell Garcia-Marlès,
- Rosa Lara,
- Cristina Reche,
- Noemí Pérez,
- Aurelio Tobías,
- Marjan Savadkoohi,
- David Beddows,
- Imre Salma,
- Máté Vörösmarty,
- Tamás Weidinger,
- Christoph Hueglin,
- Nikos Mihalopoulos,
- Georgios Grivas,
- Panayiotis Kalkavouras,
- Jakub Ondracek,
- Nadezda Zikova,
- Jarkko V. Niemi,
- Hanna E. Manninen,
- David C. Green,
- Anja H. Tremper,
- Michael Norman,
- Stergios Vratolis,
- Evangelia Diapouli,
- Konstantinos Eleftheriadis,
- Francisco J. Gómez-Moreno,
- Elisabeth Alonso-Blanco,
- Alfred Wiedensohler,
- Kay Weinhold,
- Maik Merkel,
- Susanne Bastian,
- Barbara Hoffmann,
- Hicran Altug,
- Jean-Eudes Petit,
- Prodip Acharja,
- Olivier Favez,
- Sebastiao Martins Dos Santos,
- Jean-Philippe Putaud,
- Adelaide Dinoi,
- Daniele Contini,
- Andrea Casans,
- Juan Andrés Casquero-Vera,
- Suzanne Crumeyrolle,
- Eric Bourrianne,
- Martine Van Poppel,
- Freja E. Dreesen,
- Sami Harni,
- Hilkka Timonen,
- Janne Lampilahti,
- Tuukka Petäjä,
- Marco Pandolfi,
- Philip K. Hopke,
- Roy M. Harrison,
- Andrés Alastuey,
- Xavier Querol
Affiliations
- Meritxell Garcia-Marlès
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Applied Physics-Meteorology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain; Corresponding authors.
- Rosa Lara
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Noemí Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Aurelio Tobías
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Marjan Savadkoohi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mining, Industrial and ICT Engineering (EMIT), Manresa School of Engineering (EPSEM), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Manresa, 08242, Spain
- David Beddows
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Imre Salma
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Máté Vörösmarty
- Hevesy György Ph.D. School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Tamás Weidinger
- Department of Meteorology, Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Christoph Hueglin
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
- Nikos Mihalopoulos
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 11810 Athens, Greece
- Georgios Grivas
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 11810 Athens, Greece
- Panayiotis Kalkavouras
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 11810 Athens, Greece; Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
- Jakub Ondracek
- Research Group of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 1, Prague, Czech Republic
- Nadezda Zikova
- Research Group of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 1, Prague, Czech Republic
- Jarkko V. Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), 00240 Helsinki, Finland
- Hanna E. Manninen
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), 00240 Helsinki, Finland
- David C. Green
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; NIHR HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- Anja H. Tremper
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- Michael Norman
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB-analys, Box 8136, 104 20 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stergios Vratolis
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
- Evangelia Diapouli
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
- Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
- Francisco J. Gómez-Moreno
- Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Elisabeth Alonso-Blanco
- Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Alfred Wiedensohler
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
- Kay Weinhold
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
- Maik Merkel
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
- Susanne Bastian
- Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology (LfULG), Dresden, German
- Barbara Hoffmann
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
- Hicran Altug
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
- Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Prodip Acharja
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- Sebastiao Martins Dos Santos
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy
- Jean-Philippe Putaud
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy
- Adelaide Dinoi
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate of National Research Council, ISAC-CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Daniele Contini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate of National Research Council, ISAC-CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Andrea Casans
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Juan Andrés Casquero-Vera
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Suzanne Crumeyrolle
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518 Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique (LOA), Lille, France
- Eric Bourrianne
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518 Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique (LOA), Lille, France
- Martine Van Poppel
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
- Freja E. Dreesen
- Flanders Environment Agency, Dokter De Moorstraat 24-26, 9300, Aalst, Belgium
- Sami Harni
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Atmospheric Composition Research, Helsinki, Finland
- Hilkka Timonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Atmospheric Composition Research, Helsinki, Finland
- Janne Lampilahti
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Marco Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Philip K. Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Roy M. Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Corresponding authors.
- Journal volume & issue
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Vol. 194
p. 109149
Abstract
There is a body of evidence that ultrafine particles (UFP, those with diameters ≤ 100 nm) might have significant impacts on health. Accordingly, identifying sources of UFP is essential to develop abatement policies. This study focuses on urban Europe, and aims at identifying sources and quantifying their contributions to particle number size distribution (PNSD) using receptor modelling (Positive Matrix Factorization, PMF), and evaluating long-term trends of these source contributions using the non-parametric Theil-Sen’s method. Datasets evaluated include 14 urban background (UB), 5 traffic (TR), 4 suburban background (SUB), and 1 regional background (RB) sites, covering 18 European and 1 USA cities, over the period, when available, from 2009 to 2019. Ten factors were identified (4 road traffic factors, photonucleation, urban background, domestic heating, 2 regional factors and long-distance transport), with road traffic being the primary contributor at all UB and TR sites (56–95 %), and photonucleation being also significant in many cities. The trends analyses showed a notable decrease in traffic-related UFP ambient concentrations, with statistically significant decreasing trends for the total traffic-related factors of −5.40 and −2.15 % yr−1 for the TR and UB sites, respectively. This abatement is most probably due to the implementation of European emissions standards, particularly after the introduction of diesel particle filters (DPFs) in 2011. However, DPFs do not retain nucleated particles generated during the dilution of diesel exhaust semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Trends in photonucleation were more diverse, influenced by a reduction in the condensation sink potential facilitating new particle formation (NPF) or by a decrease in the emissions of UFP precursors. The decrease of primary PM emissions and precursors of UFP also contributed to the reduction of urban and regional background sources.
