Good scientific practice in EEG and MEG research: Progress and perspectives
Guiomar Niso,
Laurens R. Krol,
Etienne Combrisson,
A. Sophie Dubarry,
Madison A. Elliott,
Clément François,
Yseult Héjja-Brichard,
Sophie K. Herbst,
Karim Jerbi,
Vanja Kovic,
Katia Lehongre,
Steven J. Luck,
Manuel Mercier,
John C. Mosher,
Yuri G. Pavlov,
Aina Puce,
Antonio Schettino,
Daniele Schön,
Walter Sinnott-Armstrong,
Bertille Somon,
Anđela Šoškić,
Suzy J. Styles,
Roni Tibon,
Martina G. Vilas,
Marijn van Vliet,
Maximilien Chaumon
Affiliations
Guiomar Niso
Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Universidad Politecnica de Madrid and CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
Laurens R. Krol
Neuroadaptive Human-Computer Interaction, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany
Etienne Combrisson
Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, France
A. Sophie Dubarry
CNRS, LPL, Aix-Marseille University, Aix-en-Provence, France
Madison A. Elliott
The University of British Columbia, Canada
Clément François
CNRS, LPL, Aix-Marseille University, Aix-en-Provence, France
Yseult Héjja-Brichard
Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
Sophie K. Herbst
Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin center, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif/Yvette, France
Karim Jerbi
Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Canada
Vanja Kovic
Faculty of Philosophy, Laboratory for neurocognition and applied cognition, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Katia Lehongre
Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Centre MEG-EEG, Centre de NeuroImagerie Recherche (CENIR), Paris, France.
Steven J. Luck
Center for Mind & Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
Manuel Mercier
Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France
John C. Mosher
McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
Yuri G. Pavlov
University of Tuebingen, Germany; Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
Aina Puce
Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
Antonio Schettino
Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherland; Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE), Sweden
Daniele Schön
Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France
Walter Sinnott-Armstrong
Duke University, USA
Bertille Somon
ISAE-SUPAERO, Université de Toulouse, France
Anđela Šoškić
Faculty of Philosophy, Laboratory for neurocognition and applied cognition, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Teacher Education Faculty, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Suzy J. Styles
Psychology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore
Roni Tibon
MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
Martina G. Vilas
Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Marijn van Vliet
Aalto University, Finland
Maximilien Chaumon
Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Centre MEG-EEG, Centre de NeuroImagerie Recherche (CENIR), Paris, France.; Corresponding author.
Good scientific practice (GSP) refers to both explicit and implicit rules, recommendations, and guidelines that help scientists to produce work that is of the highest quality at any given time, and to efficiently share that work with the community for further scrutiny or utilization. For experimental research using magneto- and electroencephalography (MEEG), GSP includes specific standards and guidelines for technical competence, which are periodically updated and adapted to new findings. However, GSP also needs to be regularly revisited in a broader light. At the LiveMEEG 2020 conference, a reflection on GSP was fostered that included explicitly documented guidelines and technical advances, but also emphasized intangible GSP: a general awareness of personal, organizational, and societal realities and how they can influence MEEG research. This article provides an extensive report on most of the LiveMEEG contributions and new literature, with the additional aim to synthesize ongoing cultural changes in GSP. It first covers GSP with respect to cognitive biases and logical fallacies, pre-registration as a tool to avoid those and other early pitfalls, and a number of resources to enable collaborative and reproducible research as a general approach to minimize misconceptions. Second, it covers GSP with respect to data acquisition, analysis, reporting, and sharing, including new tools and frameworks to support collaborative work. Finally, GSP is considered in light of ethical implications of MEEG research and the resulting responsibility that scientists have to engage with societal challenges. Considering among other things the benefits of peer review and open access at all stages, the need to coordinate larger international projects, the complexity of MEEG subject matter, and today's prioritization of fairness, privacy, and the environment, we find that current GSP tends to favor collective and cooperative work, for both scientific and for societal reasons.
