Comparison of clinical features of pulmonary cryptococcosis with and without central nervous system involvement in China

Abstract

Objective This study aimed to compare the clinical features of pulmonary cryptococcosis (PC) in patients with and without central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Methods We retrospectively reviewed demographics, presenting symptoms, radiographic features, and laboratory findings of patients diagnosed with PC in 28 hospitals from 2010 to 2019. Risk factors for CNS involvement were analyzed using logistic regression models. Result A total of 440 patients were included, and 36 (8.2%) had CNS involvement. Significant differences in fever, headache, and chills occurred between the two groups (overall and with/without CNS involvement) for fever (17.8% [78/440]; 52.8% vs. 14.6% of patients, respectively), headache (4.5% [20/440]; 55.6% vs. 0% of patients, respectively), and chills (4.3% [19/440]; 13.9% vs. 3.5% of patients, respectively). The common imaging manifestation was nodules (66.4%). Multivariate analysis showed that cavitation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.552), fever (AOR = 4.182), and headache were risk factors for CNS involvement. Routine blood tests showed no differences between the groups, whereas in cerebrospinal fluid the white blood cell count increased significantly and glucose decreased significantly. Conclusion In patients with PC, the risk of CNS involvement increases in patients with headache, fever, and cavitation; these unique clinical features may be helpful in the diagnosis.