The state-of-the-art therapeutic paradigms against sepsis

Abstract

Sepsis frequently leads to life-threatening organ failure due to an in appropriate response by the body to bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using nanoparticles to develop biomarkers and drug delivery systems that have significantly improved the treatment of infectious diseases. Herein, we update the most recent development of nanoparticle-based therapeutics for sepsis treatment. This article begins with a brief overview of how sepsis is triggered and its associated diseases. It also explores the differences between traditional and modern treatment approaches. Afterward, the reasons for embracing nanotechnology-based therapies for sepsis are summarized, including their ability to reduce inflammation, provide antioxidant effects, regulate cell signaling pathways, manage reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) production, control autophagy and apoptosis, clear lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from the blood, inhibits the formation of cell-free DNA and cytokine storms. Furthermore, the special emphasis is on updating the use of nanotechnology-mediated drug delivery systems, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, and exosomes, in the treatment of sepsis caused by various microorganisms. Moreover, we also discuss polymer mediated therapy and some dynamic therapeutic aspects in septecemia disease. In addition, the article highlights the challenges and a limitation associated with using drug delivery for sepsis treatment and expresses the hope that this review will accelerate the development of more effective sepsis therapies and facilitate the transition from research to practical clinical application.

Keywords

• Sepsis
• Inflammation
• Drug delivery
• Nanoparticle
• Exosome
• Liposome