Swim Training Affects on Muscle Lactate Metabolism, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotides Concentration, and the Activity of NADH Shuttle Enzymes in a Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Abstract

In this study, we aim to verify whether swim training can improve lactate metabolism, NAD+ and NADH levels, as well as modify the activity of glycolytic and NADH shuttle enzymes and monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in skeletal muscle of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mice. ALS mice (SOD1G93A) (n = 7 per group) were analyzed before the onset of ALS, at first disease symptoms (trained and untrained), and the last stage of disease (trained and untrained), and then compared with a wild-type (WT) group of mice. The blood lactate and the skeletal muscle concentration of lactate, NAD+ and NADH, MCT1 and MCT4 protein levels, as well as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activities in skeletal muscle were determined by fluorometric, Western blotting, liquid chromatography-MS3 spectrometry, and spectrometric methods. In the untrained terminal ALS group, there were decreased blood lactate levels (p p p p < 0.05). The data indicate significant dysfunction of lactate metabolism in ALS mice, associated with a reduction in muscle anaerobic metabolism and NADH transporting enzymes, as well as swim-induced compensation of energy demands in the ALS mice.

Keywords

• ALS
• neurodegeneration
• muscle metabolism
• exercise
• nicotinamide adenine nucleotides
• monocarboxylate transporters