Literary Arts (Apr 2017)
The Syntactic Analysis of Pronoun Homofunction Considering Verb Structure and the Function of Connected Pronouns in Passive-Emotional Sentences
Abstract
In this research, different word categories are studied which are the reference of mentioned pronouns (i.e. Disconnected or connected), and can substitute pronouns and have pronoun function by deleting them; The reference pronouns of these word categories are applied in various positions, including after nouns, after prepositions, and after verbs; hence, they often have a noun modifier, complementary, and object functions. Despite their abundant use in Persian poetry and prose, these words are not considered as much by the grammarians and no name was also chosen for them as if they play no role in the sentence. The pronoun reference in such sentences is called “the predicate of a long sentence” for the subject called “a short sentence” by Khayampoor. He adds, the intended pronoun is also used in the very short sentence. Vahidiān-Kāmyār, however, writes, “the head of this noun phrase has in fact two genitives. One in the pronoun form, coming at its own position, and the other as a noun. The noun genitive always initializes the sentence.” [Ali pedarash mariz ast. Ali his father is sick] Disjointed (initial) genitive noun (subject) genitive Research-Mehand, also, did not name the pronoun references specifically and named them complement or genitive just according to their role, but he named referent pronouns as the “pronoun suffix”. We preferred to name pronounce -considering their position and accompanied signs- as an object, complement and genitive and name their reference also as “pronoun homo-function” because they have the same grammatical rules as their referent pronouns. Ignoring the relationship between these words and their homo-role pronouns in the sentence and the differences of the object role –especially in third person singular- with both the genitive and complement roles have caused some syntactic misinterpretations. Some grammarians have compared cases where the joint pronoun is the object homo-role and a special usage in Tehrani Persian dialect and named it the “subject pronoun” reluctantly and incorrectly. This occurs, whereas the mentioned samples prove this to be wrong because “these structures are more common in colloquy” nowadays and are applied after verbs whereas these pronouns accompanied other words except verbs in ancestors’ literary works. As the second reason, these pronouns follow both the transitive and intransitive verbs, nowadays in the colloquial language, whereas they followed the transitive verbs in ancient works and appeared as complement, genitive or object. Therefore, noting a pronoun as subject pronoun is not so applicable and comparing such verbs with the colloquial form, common in a specific dialect limited to present, is not justifiable. Pronoun Homo-Roles in emotional and passive sentences The most important homo-functions applied in making emotional and passive sentences are as follows: zad, ʔāmad, shod, graft, bored, dar ʔāmad, bud, Kard. Example: khoshkam said (I stood still), dārdam Miʔāyad (It is painful), German shod (It’s hot here), a la jam graft (so disgusting), Khābam bored (I went to sleep), kofram dear ʔāmad (I’m exasperated), Saddam ʔast (It’s cold here). These sentences are made as follows: (Noun/pronoun) +Noun/adjective + pronoun suffix +verb Example: (Ali/au) khābash miʔāyad [He falls asleep] (Ali/ʔu) sodas ʔast [He feels cold] All these sentences express a kind of passive and emotional reaction; hence, it must certainly be considered to get the meaning of such sentences. Khābash gereft, for example, means he fell asleep.In the other hand, paying attention to the meaning will notably be effective in determining the verb type in structure and the grammatical role of the words in such sentences. According to the authors of this research, unlike some ideas, the verb structure is not compounded in these sentences, but is a nominal/adjectival component before the homo-function, recognized to be a part of the compound verb by some grammarians and linguists, has a subject role; and the homo-function is also a simple verb completely agreeing in suffix with the subject. The role of the pronoun suffixes, also, must be determined paying special attention to their role in traditional grammar because we think sometimes proposing ideas on some grammatical points might not bring about acceptable results regardless of their background and historic relations. Since pronoun suffixes occur only as objects, complements and genitives, the joint pronouns in these sentences are not an exception and have the same roles. The accompanying noun or adjective is the subject. The disjoint initial noun or pronoun, the “pronoun homo-role”, can be replaced by the pronoun suffix in some sentences, but makes the sentence ungrammatical in most cases.
