پژوهش های تاریخی (Sep 2020)
Historical study and analysis of the role of expediency in the domination of the caliphate over the Imamate in the formation and administration of the Islamic state from 632 to 634 AD
Abstract
The demise of the Prophet of Islam (PBUH) marked a turning point in the formation of a new political system in the administration of Islamic society. The fledgling Islamic government faced two strategies: Caliphate and Imamate Proponents of each of these two strategies considered themselves worthy of leading the Islamic government. The Saqifa community paved the way for the caliphate to prevail over the Imamate, while the proponents of the Imamate rejected the theory of the Caliphate, but ultimately gave way to the caliphate within the framework of expediency. The main purpose of this article, which has been compiled in a qualitative and descriptive-analytical manner regarding historical sources, is to explain and analyze the role of expediency in the formation and acceptance of the caliphate system. The main question of the research is what role the idea of expediency has played in the formation of the caliphate system in Saqifa and the actions of the first Islamic caliph. According to the findings of this study, the idea of expediency has played a key role in the dominance of the political system based on the caliphate over the Imamate system in the Saqifa community. Introduction With the death of the prophet, two beliefs were widespread about his succession. The first belief was based on the caliphate system, according to which the choice of the Prophet's successor was based on the choice of the Muslim community, and the second belief was based on the Imamate system, according to which the Prophet's successor was a divine position and appointment by God. The election of the Prophet (PBUH) successor in Saqifa Bani Sa'deh and the formation of the caliphate system and the acceptance of the principle of public allegiance to the divine installation, which led to the victory of the caliphate over the Imamate, was a new development in the political system of Islamic society. The result of this caused the evolution of the caliphate system and the emergence of multiple ideas in the period of the Islamic Caliphate from 11 to 40 AH. Based on the hypotheses of the present paper, these ideas are in the form of expediency (632-634.AD), utilitarianism (634-643.AD), monopoly (643-656.AD) and justice (656—660.AD) Material & Methods This research has been done in a qualitative way and a descriptive-analytical method with reference to the main historical sources. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The purpose of this study, is a historical explanation of the role of expediency in the acceptance and dominance of the idea of caliphate over the idea of Imamate in Saqifa Bani Saadeh and also during the period of the first caliph. According to the above purpose, in this study, while examining the role of expediency in the Saqifa incident and its result, the actions of the first caliph based on this policy in the administration of the Islamic State are explained. The results of this study explain the fact that the idea of expediency is the most important influential component in the roof of Bani Sa'deh and the period of the first caliph has played a decisive role in managing and changing the macrostructure of the Islamic state. Firstly, during the Saqifa meeting and after the announcement of the result of the meeting, all political currents were forced to accept Saqifa's decision based on the necessity of expediency. Ansar as the founders of the Saqifa community in the context of "expediency", the political current of immigrants in the context of "expediency of defense", the Shiite political current while rejecting the choice of Saqifa in the context of "expediency of silence", the political current of Mecca aristocracy opportunistically in the framework of "expediency" and Finally, in addition to belonging to one of the four political currents present in Medina, the Muslim general public also chose the Saqifa community in the framework of the "expediency of security and peace." Second: The idea of expediency was heavily used throughout the time of the first caliph, and most of the decisions and choices of the caliph were based on this idea. The use of this idea had significant consequences for the Islamic society, and in addition to establishing a new social and political culture in the Islamic society, it paved the way for the rule of ideas such as utilitarianism (634-643.AD) and monopoly (643-656.ad). The prevalence of this idea also deprived the Islamic society of some of the true faces of Islam, especially the Ahl al-Bayt of the Prophet (PBUH) and diminished the role of the pro-Imamate current’ Islamic State, Saqifa Bani Sa'deh, Expediency, Caliphate, Imamate
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