Environmental Pollution Monitoring via Capillary Zone Electrophoresis and UHPLC Simultaneous Quantification of Some Antipsychotic Drug Residues in Industrial Wastewater Effluents
Alhumaidi B. Alabbas,
Rachid Slimani,
Imane El Ouahabi,
Abdelkader Zarrouk,
Said Lazar,
Rachid Azzallou,
Noha F. Shalaby,
Sherif A. Abdel-Gawad
Affiliations
Alhumaidi B. Alabbas
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
Rachid Slimani
Laboratory of Spectroscopy, Molecular Modeling, Materials, Nanomaterials, Water & Environment, CERNE2D, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat B.P. 1014, Morocco
Imane El Ouahabi
Laboratory of Biology and Health, URAC 34, Faculty of Sciences Ben M’Sik, University of Hassan II, Sidi Othmane, Casablanca B.P. 7955, Morocco
Abdelkader Zarrouk
Laboratory of Materials, Nanotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat B.P. 1014, Morocco
Said Lazar
Laboratory of Biochemistry, Environment & Food, UARC 36, Faculty of Sciences & Technology, University of Hassan II of Casablanca, BP 146, Mohammedia 20650, Morocco
Rachid Azzallou
Team of Organic Chemistry and Valorization of Natural Substances (OCVNS), FSA, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir B.P. 8106, Morocco
Noha F. Shalaby
Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th October City, Giza 12566, Egypt
Sherif A. Abdel-Gawad
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
Monitoring and measuring pharmaceutical pollutants in environmental samples is a vital and complex task due to their potential detrimental effects on human health, even at low levels. Using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), it was possible to separate and measure three commonly used antipsychotic drugs, chlorpromazine (CPZ), haloperidol (HAL), and risperidone (RIS), in wastewater of the pharmaceutical industry. The technique of solid-phase extraction (SPE) was developed and implemented as a very effective method for preparing samples prior to analysis. The settings of the capillary electrophoretic and chromatographic techniques were adjusted to obtain the most efficient separation profile for the medications being studied. The concentration of all the medicines being investigated ranged from 0.5 to 50 µg/mL. SPE was used to treat real wastewater samples after a thorough validation process that followed the rules set by ICH-Q2B. The developed assays were then effectively employed to identify the tested antipsychotic substances in the real wastewater samples. The provided methodologies may be efficiently utilized to monitor the extent of environmental contamination caused by the investigated pharmaceuticals.
