Natural convection and flow patterns of Cu–water nanofluids in hexagonal cavity: A novel thermal case study
Akram Mohammad,
Benhanifia Kada,
Brahim Mebarki,
Rahmani Lakhdar,
Ansari Abu Zaid,
Eid Mohamed R.,
Hussain Syed M.,
Redouane Fares,
Jamshed Wasim,
Alraddadi Ibrahim
Affiliations
Akram Mohammad
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, 42351, Saudi Arabia
Benhanifia Kada
Laboratory of Energy in Arid Region (ENERGARID), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tahri Mohammed Bechar, P.O. Box 417, Bechar, 08000, Algeria
Brahim Mebarki
Laboratory of Energy in Arid Region (ENERGARID), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tahri Mohammed Bechar, P.O. Box 417, Bechar, 08000, Algeria
Rahmani Lakhdar
Laboratory of Energy in Arid Region (ENERGARID), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tahri Mohammed Bechar, P.O. Box 417, Bechar, 08000, Algeria
Ansari Abu Zaid
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, 42351, Saudi Arabia
Eid Mohamed R.
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, Al-Kharga, Al-Wadi Al-Gadid, 72511Egypt
Hussain Syed M.
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, 42351, Saudi Arabia
Redouane Fares
LGIDD, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Relizane University, Relizane, 48000, Algeria
Jamshed Wasim
Department of Mathematics, Capital University of Science and Technology (CUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
Alraddadi Ibrahim
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, 42351, Saudi Arabia
The purpose of the current research is to inspect the free convection of the nanofluid (Cu–water) within a hexagonal cavity containing a square obstacle with isothermal vertical walls at Th{T}_{{\rm{h}}} and Tc{T}_{{\rm{c}}}, and insulated horizontal walls. The aim of this study is to analyze the interaction between the Rayleigh number (103<Ra<105{10}^{3}\lt {\rm{Ra}}\lt {10}^{5}), obstacle’s position (top, bottom, and center), and volume fraction of the nanoparticles (0<Ø<0.20\lt \O \lt 0.2) on the thermal behavior within the enclosure. Simulations were performed using COMSOL Multiphysics software based on the finite element method. The obtained results were demonstrated using streamlines, isotherms, and average Nusselt numbers. It is concluded that the increase in the Rayleigh quantity Ra{\rm{Ra}} and nanoparticle concentration Ø\O increases the average Nusselt Nuav{\rm{N}}{{\rm{u}}}_{{\rm{av}}}, which expresses the rate of heat flow in the studied enclosure. Furthermore, the position of the inner obstacle in the middle of the cavity has a more significant thermal efficiency than the other cases.
