Center for Advanced Intelligent Materials, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang; Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang
Ria Kunwar
Center for Advanced Intelligent Materials, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang; Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang
Linlin Li
College of Material Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016
Shengjie Peng
College of Material Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016; Corresponding authors.
Izan Izwan Misnon
Center for Advanced Intelligent Materials, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang; Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang
Mohd Hasbi Ab Rahim
Center for Advanced Intelligent Materials, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang; Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang
Chun-Chen Yang
Battery Research Center for Green Energy (BRCGE), Ming Chi University of Technology, 24301, New Taipei City; Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 24301, New Taipei City; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-shan, 333, Taoyuan; Corresponding authors.
Rajan Jose
Center for Advanced Intelligent Materials, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang; Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang; Corresponding authors.
Electrical energy generation and storage have always been complementary to each other but are often disconnected in practical electrical appliances. Recently, efforts to combine both energy generation and storage into self-powered energizers have demonstrated promising power sources for wearable and implantable electronics. In line with these efforts, achieving self-rechargeability in energy storage from ambient energy is envisioned as a tertiary energy storage (3rd-ES) phenomenon. This review examines a few of the possible 3rd-ES capable of harvesting ambient energy (photo-, thermo-, piezo-, tribo-, and bio-electrochemical energizers), focusing also on the devices' sustainability. The self-rechargeability mechanisms of these devices, which function through modifications of the energizers’ constituents, are analyzed, and designs for wearable electronics are also reviewed. The challenges for self-rechargeable energizers and avenues for further electrochemical performance enhancement are discussed. This article serves as a one-stop source of information on self-rechargeable energizers, which are anticipated to drive the revolution in 3rd-ES technologies.
