Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from <i>Pelvetia canaliculata</i> to Sunflower Oil
Gabriela Sousa,
Marija Trifunovska,
Madalena Antunes,
Isabel Miranda,
Margarida Moldão,
Vítor Alves,
Rajko Vidrih,
Paula Allen Lopes,
Luis Aparicio,
Marta Neves,
Carla Tecelão,
Suzana Ferreira-Dias
Affiliations
Gabriela Sousa
LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food—Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
Marija Trifunovska
LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food—Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
Madalena Antunes
MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal
Isabel Miranda
Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
Margarida Moldão
LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food—Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
Vítor Alves
LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food—Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
Rajko Vidrih
Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Paula Allen Lopes
Sovena Group, 1495-131 Algés, Portugal
Luis Aparicio
Sovena Group, 1495-131 Algés, Portugal
Marta Neves
MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal
Carla Tecelão
MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal
Suzana Ferreira-Dias
LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food—Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
In this study, Pelvetia canaliculata L. macroalga, collected from the Atlantic Portuguese coast, was used as a source of bioactive compounds, mostly antioxidants, to incorporate them in sunflower oil with the aim of increasing its biological value and oxidative stability. The lyophilized alga was added to the oil, and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was performed. Algae concentration and UAE time varied following a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) to optimize extraction conditions. The following parameters were analyzed in the oils: oxidation products, acidity, color, chlorophyll pigments, carotenoids, flavonoids, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays, and sensory analysis. Extraction conditions did not affect the acidity and the amount of oxidation products in the oil. Chlorophylls and carotenoid contents increased with algae concentration, while flavonoid extraction did not depend on algae content or UAE time. Total phenolics in the oil were highly related only to FRAP antioxidant activity. Storage experiments of supplemented oil (12.5% algae; 20 min UAE) were carried out under accelerated oxidation conditions at 60 °C/12 days. Antioxidant activity (FRAP) of supplemented oil was 6-fold higher than the value of non-supplemented oil. Final samples retained 40% of their initial antioxidant activity. The presence of algae extracts contributed to the increased oxidative stability of sunflower oil.
