The Miniaturization of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: Advances in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Modalities
Richard G. Trohman,
Henry D. Huang,
Parikshit S. Sharma
Affiliations
Richard G. Trohman
Section of Electrophysiology, Arrhythmia and Pacemaker Services, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
Henry D. Huang
Section of Electrophysiology, Arrhythmia and Pacemaker Services, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
Parikshit S. Sharma
Section of Electrophysiology, Arrhythmia and Pacemaker Services, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
The Fourth Industrial Revolution, characterized by an unprecedented fusion of technologies that is blurring the lines between the physical, digital, and biological spheres, continues the trend to manufacture ever smaller mechanical, optical and electronic products and devices. In this manuscript, we outline the way cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) have evolved into remarkably smaller units with greatly enhanced applicability and capabilities.