Fever‐Inspired Immunotherapy Based on Photothermal CpG Nanotherapeutics: The Critical Role of Mild Heat in Regulating Tumor Microenvironment

Abstract

Abstract Although there have been more than 100 clinical trials, CpG‐based immunotherapy has been seriously hindered by complications in the immunosuppressive microenvironment of established tumors. Inspired by the decisive role of fever upon systemic immunity, a photothermal CpG nanotherapeutics (PCN) method with the capability to induce an immunofavorable tumor microenvironment by casting a fever‐relevant heat (43 °C) in the tumor region is developed. High‐throughput gene profile analysis identifies nine differentially expressed genes that are closely immune‐related upon mild heat, accompanied by IL‐6 upregulation, a pyrogenic cytokine usually found during fever. When treated with intratumor PCN injection enabling mild heating in the tumor region, the 4T1 tumor‐bearing mice exhibit significantly improved antitumor immune effects compared with the control group. Superb efficacy is evident from pronounced apoptotic cell death, activated innate immune cells, enhanced tumor perfusion, and intensified innate and adaptive immune responses. This work highlights the crucial role of mild heat in modulating the microenvironment in optimum for improved immunotherapy, by converting the tumor into an in situ vaccine.

Keywords

• CpG
• immunotherapy
• mild heat
• nanotherapeutics
• tumor microenvironments