Utilizing nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and chlorine co-doped carbon dots as a fluorescent probe for determination of vancomycin in exhaled breath condensate
Kosar Shirazi,
Zahra Karimzadeh,
Mohammad Bagher Hosseini,
Vahid Jouyban-Gharamaleki,
Maryam Khoubnasabjafari,
Jafar Soleymani,
Elaheh Rahimpour,
Abolghasem Jouyban
Affiliations
Kosar Shirazi
Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Zahra Karimzadeh
Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Mohammad Bagher Hosseini
Pediatrics Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5165665811, Iran
Vahid Jouyban-Gharamaleki
Kimia Idea Pardaz Azarbayjan (KIPA) Science Based Company, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Maryam Khoubnasabjafari
Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Jafar Soleymani
Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Elaheh Rahimpour
Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Corresponding author.
Abolghasem Jouyban
Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Vancomycin is employed to treat infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. Ensuring precise vancomycin dosages is essential to avoid the emergence of bacterial resistance. In the current study, a fluorescent nanoprobe was designed for vancomycin determination in exhaled breath condensate samples. The nanoprobe was based on carbon dots (CDs) doped with nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and chlorine (NSPCl-doped CDs). Vancomycin significantly reduced the fluorescence of NSPCl-doped CDs and presented a quenching process in the analytical response of the probe within a concentration range of 0.01–2.0 μg mL−1 due to forming a non-fluorescent complex. The nanoprobe's intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations were 1.4 % and 3.2 %, respectively. This nanoprobe was successfully used to determine vancomycin in the patients receiving this drug collected from the expiratory circuit of the mechanical ventilator.
