Importance of the Use of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Inflammatory Profile in Aqueous and Vitreous Humor in Diabetic Retinopathy
Ana Karen López-Contreras,
María Guadalupe Martínez-Ruiz,
Cecilia Olvera-Montaño,
Ricardo Raúl Robles-Rivera,
Diana Esperanza Arévalo-Simental,
José Alberto Castellanos-González,
Abel Hernández-Chávez,
Selene Guadalupe Huerta-Olvera,
Ernesto German Cardona-Muñoz,
Adolfo Daniel Rodríguez-Carrizalez
Affiliations
Ana Karen López-Contreras
Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
María Guadalupe Martínez-Ruiz
Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
Cecilia Olvera-Montaño
Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
Ricardo Raúl Robles-Rivera
Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
Diana Esperanza Arévalo-Simental
Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
José Alberto Castellanos-González
Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
Abel Hernández-Chávez
Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
Selene Guadalupe Huerta-Olvera
Medical and Life Sciences Department, La Ciénega University Center, University of Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco 47810, Mexico
Ernesto German Cardona-Muñoz
Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
Adolfo Daniel Rodríguez-Carrizalez
Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the leading causes of visual impairment and morbidity worldwide, being the number one cause of blindness in people between 27 and 75 years old. It is estimated that ~191 million people will be diagnosed with this microvascular complication by 2030. Its pathogenesis is due to alterations in the retinal microvasculature as a result of a high concentration of glucose in the blood for a long time which generates numerous molecular changes like oxidative stress. Therefore, this narrative review aims to approach various biomarkers associated with the development of diabetic retinopathy. Focusing on the molecules showing promise as detection tools, among them we consider markers of oxidative stress (TAC, LPO, MDA, 4-HNE, SOD, GPx, and catalase), inflammation (IL-6, IL-1ß, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A, TNF-α, and MMPs), apoptosis (NF-kB, cyt-c, and caspases), and recently those that have to do with epigenetic modifications, their measurement in different biological matrices obtained from the eye, including importance, obtaining process, handling, and storage of these matrices in order to have the ability to detect the disease in its early stages.
