Adulteration Detection of Edible Bird’s Nests Using Rapid Spectroscopic Techniques Coupled with Multi-Class Discriminant Analysis
Jing Sheng Ng,
Syahidah Akmal Muhammad,
Chin Hong Yong,
Ainolsyakira Mohd Rodhi,
Baharudin Ibrahim,
Mohd Noor Hidayat Adenan,
Salmah Moosa,
Zainon Othman,
Nazaratul Ashifa Abdullah Salim,
Zawiyah Sharif,
Faridah Ismail,
Simon D. Kelly,
Andrew Cannavan
Affiliations
Jing Sheng Ng
Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
Syahidah Akmal Muhammad
Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
Chin Hong Yong
Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
Ainolsyakira Mohd Rodhi
Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre (ABrC), Inkubator Inovasi Universiti (I2U), Kampus SAINS@USM, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Lebuh Bukit Jambul, Bayan Lepas 11900, Penang, Malaysia
Baharudin Ibrahim
Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
Mohd Noor Hidayat Adenan
Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Kajang 43000, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Salmah Moosa
Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Kajang 43000, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Zainon Othman
Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Kajang 43000, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Nazaratul Ashifa Abdullah Salim
Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Kajang 43000, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Zawiyah Sharif
Surveillance Branch, Food Safety and Quality Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Presint 3, Federal Government Administrative Centre, Putrajaya 62675, Malaysia
Faridah Ismail
Veterinary Public Health Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Services, Bandar Baru Salak Tinggi, Sepang 43900, Selangor, Malaysia
Simon D. Kelly
Food Safety and Control Subprogramme, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
Andrew Cannavan
Food Safety and Control Subprogramme, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
Edible bird’s nests (EBNs) are vulnerable to adulteration due to their huge demand for traditional medicine and high market price. Presently, there are pressing needs to explore field-deployable rapid screening techniques to detect adulteration of EBNs. The objective of this study is to explore the feasibility of using a handheld near-infrared (VIS/SW-NIR) spectroscopic device for the determination of EBN authenticity against the benchmark performance of a benchtop mid-infrared (MIR) spectrometer. Forty-nine authentic EBNs from the different states in Malaysia and 13 different adulterants (five types) were obtained and used to simulate the adulteration of EBNs at 1, 5 and 10% adulteration by mass (a total of 15 adulterated samples). The VIS/SW-NIR and MIR spectra collated were subsequently processed, modelled and classified using multi-class discriminant analysis. The VIS/SW-NIR results showed 100% correct classification for the collagen and nutrient agar classes in authenticity classification, while for the other classes, the lowest correct classification rate was 96.3%. For MIR analysis, only the karaya gum class had 100% correct classification whilst for the other four classes, the lowest rate of correct classification was at 94.4%. In conclusion, the combination of spectroscopic analysis with chemometrics can be a powerful screening tool to detect EBN adulteration.
