Novel Assessment of Urinary Albumin Excretion in Type 2 Diabetes Patients by Raman Spectroscopy
Jose L. Flores-Guerrero,
Aaron Muñoz-Morales,
Freddy Narea-Jimenez,
Ricardo Perez-Fuentes,
Enrique Torres-Rasgado,
Guadalupe Ruiz-Vivanco,
Naara Gonzalez-Viveros,
Jorge Castro-Ramos
Affiliations
Jose L. Flores-Guerrero
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
Aaron Muñoz-Morales
Department of Physics, Faculty of Experimental Sciences and Technology, Center of Medical and Biotechnology Research, University of Carabobo, Valencia 2005, Venezuela
Freddy Narea-Jimenez
Optics coordination, Biomedical Optics Group, National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics, INAOE, Puebla 72840, Mexico
Ricardo Perez-Fuentes
Department of Chronic Disease Physiopathology, East Center of Biomedical Research, Mexican Social Security Institute, CIBIOR, Puebla 74360, Mexico
Enrique Torres-Rasgado
Faculty of Medicine, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, BUAP, Puebla 72589, Mexico
Guadalupe Ruiz-Vivanco
Department of Chronic Disease Physiopathology, East Center of Biomedical Research, Mexican Social Security Institute, CIBIOR, Puebla 74360, Mexico
Naara Gonzalez-Viveros
Optics coordination, Biomedical Optics Group, National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics, INAOE, Puebla 72840, Mexico
Jorge Castro-Ramos
Optics coordination, Biomedical Optics Group, National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics, INAOE, Puebla 72840, Mexico
Urinary albumin excretion remains the key biomarker to detect renal complications in type 2 diabetes. As diabetes epidemy increases, particularly in low-income countries, efficient and low-cost methods to measure urinary albumin are needed. In this pilot study, we evaluated the performance of Raman spectroscopy in the assessment of urinary albumin in patients with type 2 diabetes. The spectral Raman analysis of albumin was performed using artificial urine, at five concentrations of albumin and 24 h collection urine samples from ten patients with Type 2 Diabetes. The spectra were obtained after removing the background fluorescence and fitting Gaussian curves to spectral regions containing features of such metabolites. In the samples from patients with type 2 diabetes, we identified the presence of albumin in the peaks of the spectrum located at 663.07, 993.43, 1021.43, 1235.28, 1429.91 and 1633.91 cm−1. In artificial urine, there was an increase in the intensity of the Raman signal at 1450 cm−1, which corresponds to the increment of the concentrations of albumin. The highest concentration of albumin was located at 1630 cm−1. The capability of Raman spectroscopy for detection of small concentrations of urinary albumin suggests the feasibility of this method for the screening of type 2 diabetes renal complications.
