Nitrate formation in anammox process: Mechanisms and operating conditions
Heng Yu,
Yue Dong,
Sike Wang,
Weiyi Jia,
Yating Wang,
Jiane Zuo,
Chengtun Qu
Affiliations
Heng Yu
State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, China; Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Reservoir Protection Technology of Oilfields, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, China
Yue Dong
State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, China; Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Reservoir Protection Technology of Oilfields, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, China
Sike Wang
Department of Material and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
Weiyi Jia
State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, China; Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Reservoir Protection Technology of Oilfields, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, China
Yating Wang
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, China
Jiane Zuo
Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Corresponding author. Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China.
Chengtun Qu
State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, China; Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Reservoir Protection Technology of Oilfields, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, China; Corresponding author. State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, China.
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is an energy-efficient technology for wastewater nitrogen removal. However, the byproduct nitrate has hindered development and application of anammox process. Meanwhile, the knowledge of nitrate formation during anammox process is insufficient, which prohibits high nitrogen removal. This review firstly summaries and discusses valuable findings on nitrate formation, including molecular mechanism of nitrate production, microbial pathway of nitrate reduction and its net formation. Specially, influences of operating conditions on mechanisms and patterns of nitrate formation are analyzed. Then, based on nitrate formation mechanism, current strategies of nitrate removal from anammox process are reevaluated. Finally, the key knowledge gaps and further process development are presented. Overall, this review sheds light on the understanding of nitrate formation of anammox process, which would further facilitate and optimize the process design and operation for high performance nitrogen removal.
