Elemental Profiling for the Detection of Food Mixtures: A Proof of Principle Study on the Detection of Mixed Walnut Origins Using Measured and Calculated Data

Abstract

Element profiling is a powerful tool for detecting fraud related to claims of geographical origin. However, these methods must be continuously developed, as mixtures of different origins in particular offer great potential for adulteration. This study is a proof of principle to determine whether elemental profiling is suitable for detecting mixtures of the same food but from different origins and whether calculated data from walnut mixtures could help to reduce the measurement burden. The calculated data used in this study were generated based on measurements of authentic, unadulterated samples. Five different classification models and three regression models were applied in five different evaluation approaches to detect adulteration or even distinguish between adulteration levels (10% to 90%). To validate the method, 270 mixtures of walnuts from different origins were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Depending on the evaluation approach, different characteristics were observed in mixtures when comparing the calculated and measured data. Based on the measured data, it was possible to detect admixtures with an accuracy of 100%, even at low levels of adulteration (20%), depending on the country. However, calculated data can only contribute to the detection of adulterated walnut samples in exceptional cases.

Keywords

• walnuts
• element profiling
• mixtures
• inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
• chemometrics